Element contents
Progress and the Scale of History
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 October 2022
Summary
The idea of progress is a product of historical thinking. It is a bold interpretation of history that combines understandings of the past, perceptions of the present and expectations of the future. This Element examines the shifting scale of this past, present and future configuration from antiquity to the present day. It develops five categories that reveal the conceptual features of progress together with the philosophies of history in which they have been enmeshed, from temporal outlooks that held no notion of progress to universal histories that viewed progress as a law of nature, from speculation on the meaning and direction of history to the total rejection of all historical constructions. Global in scope and conversant with present-day debates in the theory and philosophy of history, the argument throughout is that the scale on which we conceive history plays a determining role in how we think about progress.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009026758Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 27 October 2022
Bibliography
Adorno, Theodor W., ‘“Negative” Universal History’, in Rolf Tiedemann (ed.), History and Freedom: Lectures 1964–1965, trans. Livingstone, Rodney. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006, pp. 89–98.Google Scholar
Alvey, James E., ‘Adam Smith’s View of History: Consistent or Paradoxical?’ History of the Human Sciences 16, 2 (2003), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695103016002001.Google Scholar
Angner, Erik, ‘The History of Hayek’s Theory of Cultural Evolution’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 33 (2002), 695–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-8486(02)00024-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armitage, David, ‘What’s the Big Idea? Intellectual History and the Longue Durée’, History of European Ideas 38, 4 (2012), 493–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2012.714635.Google Scholar
Arndt, Heinz Wolfgang, The Rise and Fall of Economic Growth: A Study in Contemporary Thought. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1978.Google Scholar
Aslanian, Sebouh David, Chaplin, Joyce E., McGrath, Ann, and Mann, Kristin, ‘AHR Conversation How Size Matters: The Question of Scale in History’, American Historical Review 118, 5 (2013), 1431–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.5.1431.Google Scholar
Bagehot, Walter, Physics and Politics: Or Thoughts on the Application of the Principles of ‘Natural Selection’ and ‘Inheritance’ to Political Society, 12th ed. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1900. First published in 1873.Google Scholar
Bernstein, John Andrew, Progress and the Quest for Meaning: A Philosophical and Historical Inquiry. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Blundell, Sue, The Origins of Civilization in Greek and Roman Thought. London: Croom Helm, 1986.Google Scholar
Boscov-Ellen, Dan, ‘Whose Universalism? Dipesh Chakrabarty and the Anthropocene’, Capitalism Nature Socialism 31, 1 (2020), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2018.1514060.Google Scholar
Briggs, Asa, Victorian People: A Reassessment of Persons and Themes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955.Google Scholar
Brynjolfsson, Erik, and McAfee, Andrew, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. New York: W. W. Norton, 2014.Google Scholar
Bury, John Bagnell, The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into Its Origin and Growth. London: Macmillan, 1920.Google Scholar
Caraccioli, Louis-Antoine de, La jouissance de soi-même. Utrecht: E. van Harrevelt, 1759.Google Scholar
Chakrabarty, Dipesh, ‘Anthropocene Time’, History and Theory 57, 1 (2018), 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/hith.12044.Google Scholar
Chakrabarty, Dipesh, ‘The Climate of History: Four Theses’, Critical Inquiry 35, 2 (2009), 197–222.Google Scholar
Chakrabarty, Dipesh, The Climate of History in a Planetary Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Chandra, Bipan, The Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism in India: Economic Policies of Indian National Leadership, 1880–1905. New Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1966.Google Scholar
Chow, Tse-tsung, The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960.Google Scholar
Christian, David, ‘The Case for “Big History”’, Journal of World History 2, 2 (1991), 223–38.Google Scholar
Christian, David, ‘The Return of Universal History’, History and Theory 49, 4 (2010), 6–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2303.2010.00557.x.Google Scholar
Clark, Christopher, Time and Power: Visions of History in German Politics, from the Thirty Years to the Third Reich. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Clark, Colin, Growthmanship: A Study in the Mythology of Investment. London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1961.Google Scholar
Cohen, Deborah, and Mandler, Peter, ‘The History Manifesto: A Critique’, American Historical Review 120, 2 (2015), 530–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/120.2.530.Google Scholar
Collingwood, Robin George, An Essay on Philosophical Method, revised ed., ed. Connelly, James and D’Oro, Giuseppina. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005. First published in 1933.Google Scholar
Collingwood, Robin George, The Idea of History, revised ed., ed. der Dussen, Jan van. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. First published in 1946.Google Scholar
Collison, Patrick, and Cowen, Tyler, ‘We Need a New Science of Progress: Humanity Needs to Get Better at Knowing How to Get Better’, New Atlantic, 30 July 2019. www.theatlantic.com.Google Scholar
Condorcet, Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de, , Outlines of an Historical View of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. unnamed. Philadelphia: Lang and Ustick, 1796. First published in French in 1793–94.Google Scholar
Dale, Gareth, Mathai, Manu V., and de Oliveira, Jose A. Puppim (eds.), Green Growth: Ideology, Political Economy and the Alternatives. London: Zed Books, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, Charles R., On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, 3rd ed. London: John Murray, 1861.Google Scholar
Degérando, Joseph-Marie, The Observation of Savage Peoples. Abingdon: Routledge, 1969. First published in French in 1800.Google Scholar
DeLucia, JoEllen, A Feminine Enlightenment: British Women Writers and the Philosophy of Progress, 1759–1820. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Dodds, Eric Robertson, The Ancient Concept of Progress and Other Essays on Greek Literature and Belief. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.Google Scholar
D’Oro, Giuseppina, ‘In Defence of a Humanistically Oriented Historiography: The Nature/Culture Distinction at the Time of the Anthropocene’, in Kuukkanen, Jouni-Matti (ed.), Philosophy of History: Twenty-First Century Perspectives. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2021, pp. 216–36. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350111875.0019.Google Scholar
Edelstein, Ludwig, The Idea of Progress in Classical Antiquity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Fagan, Madeleine, ‘On the Dangers of an Anthropocene Epoch: Geological Time, Political Time and Post-Human Politics’, Political Geography 70 (2019), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.01.008.Google Scholar
Fischer, Louis (ed.), The Essential Gandhi: His Life, Work, and Ideas; an Anthology. New York: Vintage Books, 1963.Google Scholar
Fourastié, Jean, Les Trente glorieuses, ou La révolution invisible de 1946 à 1975. Paris: Fayard, 1979.Google Scholar
Freeden, Michael, The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.Google Scholar
Furth, Charlotte, ‘May Fourth in History’, in Schwartz, Benjamin J. (ed.), Reflections on the May Fourth Movement: A Symposium. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972, pp. 59–68.Google Scholar
Gallicchio, Marc, The African American Encounter with Japan and China. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Ge, Zhaoguang, An Intellectual History of China, Volume 1: Knowledge, Thought and Belief before the Seventh Century CE, trans. Michael S. Duke and Josephine Chiu-Duke. Leiden: Brill, 2014.Google Scholar
González-Reimann, Luis, The Mahābhārata and the Yugas: India’s Great Epic Poem and the Hindu System of World Ages. New York: Peter Lang, 2002.Google Scholar
Gordon, Robert J., Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gramelsberger, Gabriele, ‘From Science to Computational Sciences: A Science History and Philosophy Overview’, in Gramelsberger, Gabriele (ed.), Studies in the History of Computing and Its Influence on Today’s Sciences. Zurich: Diaphanes, 2011, pp. 19–44.Google Scholar
Green, Karen, A History of Women’s Political Thought in Europe, 1700–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Guldi, Jo, and Armitage, David, The History Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haff, Peter, ‘The Technosphere and Its Relation to the Anthropocene’, in Jan Zalasiewicz, Colin N. Waters, Mark Williams and Summerhayes, Colin P. (eds.), The Anthropocene as a Geological Time Unit: A Guide to the Scientific Evidence and Current Debate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, pp. 138–43. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108621359.Google Scholar
Hare, J. Laurence, and Link, Fabian, ‘The Idea of Volk and the Origins of Völkisch Research, 1800–1930s’, Journal of the History of Ideas 80, 4 (2019), 575–96. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhi.2019.0032.Google Scholar
Hartog, François, ‘The Modern Régime of Historicity in the Face of Two World Wars’, in Lorenz, Chris and Bevernage, Berber (eds.), Breaking Up Time: Negotiating the Borders between Past, Present and Future. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2013, pp. 124–33.Google Scholar
Hawkins, Mike, ‘Social Darwinism and Race’, in Berger, Stefan (ed.), A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Europe, 1789–1914. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006, pp. 224–35.Google Scholar
Hawkins, Mike, Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945: Nature as Model and Nature as Threat. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Hay, James Roy, The Origins of the Liberal Welfare Reforms 1906–1914. London: Macmillan, 1975.Google Scholar
Hayek, Friedrich A., The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism. London: Routledge, 1988.Google Scholar
Hayek, Friedrich A., Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice, Volume 3: The Political Order of a Free People. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979.Google Scholar
Hayek, Friedrich A., The Road to Serfdom. London: Routledge, 2001. First published in 1944.Google Scholar
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, The Philosophy of Right and the Philosophy of History, 2nd ed., trans. Thomas Malcolm Knox and John Sibree. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1990.Google Scholar
Heidegger, Martin, The Concept of Time, trans. McNeill, William. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992. First published in German in 1924.Google Scholar
Heilbroner, Robert L., ‘The Paradox of Progress: Decline and Decay in the Wealth of Nations’, Journal of the History of Ideas 34, 2 (1973), 243–62. https://doi.org/10.2307/2708728.Google Scholar
Hirsch, Fred, Social Limits to Growth. London: Routledge, 1995. First published in 1977.Google Scholar
Hölscher, Lucian, ‘Mysteries of Historical Order: Ruptures, Simultaneity, and the Relationship of the Past, the Present and the Future’, in Lorenz, Chris and Bevernage, Berber (eds.), Breaking Up Time: Negotiating the Borders between Past, Present and Future. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2013, pp. 134–51.Google Scholar
Hughes-Warrington, Marnie, with Martin, Anne, Big and Little Histories: Sizing Up Ethics in Historiography. London: Routledge, 2022.Google Scholar
Hume, David, ‘The Rise of the Arts and the Progress of Science’, in Essays, Political, and Literary. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1985, pp. 111–37. First published in 1777.Google Scholar
Jackson, Tim, Prosperity without Growth: Economics for a Finite Planet. Abingdon: Earthscan, 2009.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Struan, and Tregenza, Ian, ‘Rationalism and Tradition: The Popper-Oakeshott Conversation’, European Journal of Political Theory 13, 1 (2014), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474885112471274.Google Scholar
Jaspers, Karl, The Origin and Goal of History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953. First published in German in 1949.Google Scholar
Jerven, Morten, Poor Numbers: How We Are Misled by African Development Statistics and What to Do About It. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Johnson, Harriet, ‘Anthropocene as a Negative Universal History’, Adorno Studies 3, 1 (2019), 49–63.Google Scholar
Jordheim, Helge, and Wigen, Einar, ‘Conceptual Synchronisation: From Progress to Crisis’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies 46, 3 (2018), 421–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829818774781.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel, ‘Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View’, in Louden, Robert B. and Zöller, Günter (eds.), Anthropology, History, and Education, trans. Robert B. Louden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 227–429. First published in German in 1798.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel, ‘Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose’; ‘The Contest of Faculties’; ‘Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch’, in Hans Reiss (ed.), Kant: Political Writings, 2nd ed., trans. Nisbet, Hugh Barr.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. 41–53, 177–90, 93–130.Google Scholar
Karabell, Zachary, The Leading Indicators: A Short History of the Numbers that Rule Our World. Riverside: Simon and Schuster, 2014.Google Scholar
Kirk, Geoffrey Stephen, Raven, John Earle, and Schofield, Malcolm, The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Kitcher, Philip, with Heilinger, Jan-Christoph, Jaeggi, Rahel, and Neiman, Susan, Moral Progress, ed. Srinivasan, Amia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Koselleck, Reinhart, Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time, trans. Keith Tribe. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Koselleck, Reinhart, ‘Introduction and Prefaces to the Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe’ (trans. Michaela Richter), Contributions to the History of Concepts 6, 1 (2011), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.3167/choc.2011.060102.Google Scholar
Koselleck, Reinhart, Conze, Werner, and Brunner, Otto (eds.), Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland, Volume 2. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1975.Google Scholar
Krieger, Leonard, ‘The Idea of Progress’, The Review of Metaphysics 4, 4 (1951), 483–94.Google Scholar
Last, Angela, ‘We Are the World? Anthropocene Cultural Production between Geopoetics and Geopolitics’, Theory, Culture & Society 34, 2–3 (2017), 147–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276415598626.Google Scholar
Jacques, Le Goff, Must We Divide History into Periods? trans. M. B. DeBevoise. New York: Columbia University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. C., ‘Writing History in the Age of Darwin’, Raritan 23, 3 (2004), 115–48.Google Scholar
Macaulay, Catharine, A Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth. London: A. Hamilton, 1783.Google Scholar
Macekura, Stephen J., The Mismeasure of Progress: Economic Growth and Its Critics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Macintyre, Stuart, Australia’s Boldest Experiment: War and Reconstruction in the 1940s. Sydney: NewSouth, 2015.Google Scholar
Mandeville, Bernard, The Fable of the Bees: Or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits, Volume 1, ed. Kaye, Frederick Benjamin. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924.Google Scholar
Marcell, David D., Progress and Pragmatism: James, Dewey, Beard, and the American Idea of Progress. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl, Capital, 2nd ed., ed. Engels, Friedrich, trans. Moore, Samuel and Aveling, Edward. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1990. Translated from third German ed.Google Scholar
Maynard, John, Fight for Liberty and Freedom: The Origins of Australian Aboriginal Activism. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press, 2007.Google Scholar
McNeill, John Robert, Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World. New York: W. W. Norton, 2001.Google Scholar
Meek, Ronald L., Turgot on Progress, Sociology and Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.Google Scholar
Melnik, Denis V., ‘Lenin as a Development Economist: A Study in Application of Marx’s Theory in Russia’, Russian Journal of Economics 7 (2021), 34–49. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.7.57963.Google Scholar
Millar, John, The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks; or, an Inquiry into the Circumstances which Give Rise to Influence and Authority in the Different Members of Society. London: J. Murray, 1779.Google Scholar
Miller, Riel, ‘Futures Literacy: Transforming the Future’, in Miller, Riel (ed.), Transforming the Future: Anticipation in the 21st Century. London: Routledge, 2018, pp. 1–12.Google Scholar
Moynihan, Thomas, ‘Existential Risk and Human Extinction: An Intellectual History’, Futures 116 (2020), 1–13.Google Scholar
Muraca, Barbara, ‘Décroissance: A Project for a Radical Transformation of Society’, Environmental Values 22, 2 (2013), 147–69. https://doi.org/10.3197/096327113X13581561725112.Google Scholar
Myrdal, Gunnar, Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations, Volume 1. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968.Google Scholar
Nakayama, Shigeru, ‘The Chinese “Cyclic” View of History vs. Japanese “Progress”’, in Burgen, Arnold, McLaughlin, Peter and Mittelstrass, Jürgen (eds.), The Idea of Progress. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1997, pp. 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110820423.65.Google Scholar
Naoroji, Dadabhai, Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. New Delhi: Commonwealth, 1901.Google Scholar
Nehru, Jawaharlal, Glimpses of World History: Being Further Letters to His Daughter, Written in Prison, and Containing a Rambling Account of History for Young People. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982. First published in 1934.Google Scholar
Nelson, William Max, The Time of Enlightenment: Constructing the Future in France, 1750 to Year One. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Nisbet, Robert A., History of the Idea of Progress. London: Routledge, 2017. First published in 1980.Google Scholar
Nordblad, Julia, ‘On the Difference between Anthropocene and Climate Change Temporalities’, Critical Inquiry 48, 2 (2021), 328–48.Google Scholar
Oakeshott, Michael, Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1991.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Karen, Women and Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
OECD, Statistics, Knowledge and Policy: OECD World Forum on Key Indicators. Paris: OECD, 2005.Google Scholar
Passmore, John, The Perfectibility of Man, 3rd ed. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2000. First published in 1970.Google Scholar
Peck, Jamie, Constructions of Neoliberal Reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Popper, Karl R., The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Routledge, 1992. First published in German in 1934.Google Scholar
Popper, Karl R., The Open Society and Its Enemies, 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002. First published in 1945.Google Scholar
Powell, Barry B., The Poems of Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days, and the Shield of Herakles. Oakland: University of California Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Purushotham, Sunil, ‘World History in the Atomic Age: Past, Present and Future in the Political Thought of Jawaharlal Nehru’, Modern Intellectual History 14, 3 (2017), 837–67. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244316000093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranelagh, John, Thatcher’s People: An Insider’s Account of the Politics, the Power and the Personalities. London: HarperCollins, 1991.Google Scholar
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, The Social Contract and the First and Second Discourses. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Royer, Clémence, Preface to De l’origine des espèces par sélection naturelle ou des lois de transformation des êtres organisés, 3rd ed., trans. Clémence Royer. Paris: Guillaumin et Cie, Victor Masson et Fils, 1870.Google Scholar
Ruse, Michael, Evolution as Religion: What Literature Tells Us About Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Ruse, Michael, Monad to Man: The Concept of Progress in Evolutionary Biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Schmelzer, Matthias, The Hegemony of Growth: The OECD and the Making of the Economic Growth Paradigm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Scott, David, Conscripts of Modernity: The Tragedy of Colonial Enlightenment. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Sihvola, Juha, Decay, Progress, the Good Life? Hesiod and Protagoras on the Development of Culture. Helsinki: Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, 1989.Google Scholar
Simon, Zoltán Boldizsár, History in Times of Unprecedented Change: A Theory for the 21st Century. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019.Google Scholar
Simon, Zoltán Boldizsár, and Deile, Lars (eds.), Historical Understanding: Past, Present, and Future. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2022.Google Scholar
Slaboch, Matthew, A Road to Nowhere: The Idea of Progress and Its Critics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Slaboch, Matthew, ‘Tocqueville’s Philosophy of History: Its Meaning and Implications for Russia and Central and Eastern Europe’, in Boettke, Peter and Martin, Adam (eds.), Exploring the Social and Political Economy of Alexis de Tocqueville. London: Palgrave, 2020, pp. 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34937-0_5.Google Scholar
Smith, Gary (ed.), Benjamin: Philosophy, Aesthetics, History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Sorel, Georges, The Illusions of Progress. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969. First published in French in 1908.Google Scholar
Spadafora, David, The Idea of Progress in Eighteenth-Century Britain. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Speich, Daniel, ‘The Use of Global Abstractions: National Income Accounting and the Period of Imperial Decline’, Journal of Global History 6 (2011), 7–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740022811000027.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, Joseph, ‘If Olaf Scholz is Serious about Progress, He Must Back a Patent Waiver for Covid Vaccines’, Guardian, 15 December 2021. www.theguardian.com.Google Scholar
Swyngedouw, Erik, ‘The Non-Political Politics of Climate Change’, ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies 12, 1 (2013), 1–8.Google Scholar
Tocqueville, Alexis de, The Old Régime and the French Revolution, trans. Stuart Gilbert. Garden City: Anchor Books, 1955. First published in French in 1856.Google Scholar
Traver, Guillermo Galbe, ‘Hayek’s View of History: A Critique and a Proposal’, Laissez-Faire 46 (2017), 25–30.Google Scholar
Vyverberg, Henry, Historical Pessimism in the French Enlightenment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958.Google Scholar
Wang, Jessica Ching-Sze, John Dewey in China: To Teach and to Learn. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Wang, Q. Edward, Inventing China through History: A May Fourth Approach to Historiography. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Weiss, Richard S., Emergence of Modern Hinduism: Religion on the Margins of Colonialism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2019.Google Scholar
West, Martin Litchfield, Translator’s Introduction to Hesiod’s Theogony and Works and Days. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Wittner, David G., Technology and the Culture of Progress in Meiji Japan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2008.Google Scholar
- 8
- Cited by