1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Framework
3. Setting the Scene: The Radical Left and the Nation
4. The Spanish Case. What Is Spain? Franco’s Legacy and Podemos’ Patriotism
5. The Italian Case. Italy’s Wheezing Left Between the Shadow of Its Past and New Challenges
6. The Portuguese Case. Left-Leaning Banal Nationalism in Portugal
7. Comparing the Results
8. Conclusion.