Part I. Economic and Ecological Parameters: 1. Introduction-- 2. Framing the economic setting: structure and development-- 3. Climate and climatic change-- Part II. The Demographic Parameters: Mortality, Fertility and Migration: 4. Mortality-- 5. Fertility-- 6. Migration-- Part III. Population Size: 7. Counting Romans-- 8. Archaeology and population: demography from potsherds? 9. Summary and conclusion-- Appendix 1-- Appendix 2.