From the banning of religious symbols in French schools to the closure of a play deemed offensive to Sikhs in the UK, recent cases across Europe have highlighted acute dilemmas about how best to respond to a multicultural society. This book explores how European institutions address the issues of the plurality of religious faiths and ethical beliefs in a multicultural society and assesses how this impacts on political integration. It focuses on the issues of differential treatment across Europe, examining how notions of equal citizenship and freedom of thought and expression come into direct conflict with specific ethical and religious values and religious commitments. Providing a broad survey, it combines general theoretical reflections on differential treatment and its place within the modern liberal-democratic polity, with discussions of how these issues have played out in the context of specific controversies in different European countries: Germany, Italy, Turkey, Spain, the Czech Republic and the UK. Making an important contribution to our understanding of the implications of multiculturalism, and for wider questions about the prospects of European political integration, this book will be of considerable interest to students and scholars of political and social philosophy, European studies, political science, social policy, sociology, applied ethics, law, socio-legal studies.