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Acknowledgments; Contents; Contributors; Part I Introduction; Chapter 1: Introduction to the Accra School: An Overview of Health, Poverty, and Place in Accra; 1.1 Accra as a Case Study; 1.2 Urban Health and Mortality; 1.3 The Role of Place Within the Urban Environment; 1.4 The Use of Remotely Sensed Imagery to Measure Urban Neighborhood Ecology; 1.5 The Spatial Demographic Context of Accra; 1.6 The Women's Health Study of Accra (WHSA); 1.7 Lessons Being Learned; 1.8 What Is the Rest of the Book About?; References; Part II Accra's Urban Morphology and Neighborhood Structure
Chapter 2: Defining Neighborhood Boundaries for Urban Health Research: A Case Study of Accra, Ghana2.1 Background; 2.2 Methods; 2.2.1 Study Area; 2.2.2 Neighborhood Creation; 2.3 Results and Discussion; 2.4 Summary and Conclusions; References; Chapter 3: Neighborhoods of Health: Comparing Boundaries for Measuring Contextual Effects on Health in Accra, Ghana; 3.1 Why Boundaries Matter; 3.2 Boundary Delineation in the Developing World; 3.3 Data; 3.4 Methods; 3.4.1 Administrative Boundaries; 3.4.2 Observation-Based Boundaries; 3.4.3 Data-Driven Boundaries; 3.4.4 Comparing Boundaries; 3.5 Results
3.6 Discussion3.7 Conclusion; References; Chapter 4: Delineation and Classification of Urban Neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana, from Quickbird Imagery: Manual vs. Semi-automated Approaches; 4.1 Background; 4.2 Study Area; 4.3 Data; 4.4 Methods; 4.5 Results; 4.5.1 Manual Delineation of Neighborhoods from Satellite Imagery; 4.5.2 Neighborhood Delineation Through Direct Image Segmentation; 4.6 Discussion and Conclusions; References; Chapter 5: Methods for Texture-Based Classification of Urban Fringe Areas from Medium and High Resolution Satellite Imagery; 5.1 Urban Remote Sensing Challenges
5.1.1 Pre-defined Administrative Boundaries5.1.2 Fixed Windows; 5.1.3 Application of a Segmentation Algorithm; 5.2 Estimating the Degree of Urbanization; 5.2.1 The Test Case: Northern Accra; 5.3 Results and Discussion; References; Part III Health and Well-Being in Accra's Neighborhoods; Chapter 6: Exploring Social Resilience Among Young Migrants in Old Fadama, an Accra Slum; 6.1 Environmental Vulnerability and Migration; 6.2 The Youth Resilience Framework; 6.3 Old Fadama; 6.4 Interviews and Surveys; 6.5 Results and Discussion; 6.5.1 Perceived Abilities and Willingness to Learn
6.5.2 Social Relations and Loss of Support6.5.3 Perception of Financial Abilities; 6.5.4 Perceived Personal Initiative and Efforts; 6.6 Summary; References; Chapter 7: Researching Urban Slum Health in Nima, a Slum in Accra; 7.1 Slum Conditions and Health; 7.2 Poor Structural Quality of Housing and Health; 7.3 Insecure Residential Status and Health; 7.4 The Gaps; 7.5 Study Area and Methods; 7.6 Methodology and Data; 7.7 Results; 7.7.1 Cluster Analysis; 7.8 Findings, Limitations and Future Research; 7.9 Conclusion; References
Chapter 8: What If Neighbors' Neighborhoods Differ? The Influence of Neighborhood Definitions of Health Outcomes in Accra
This book provides a fresh analysis of the demography, health and well-being of a major African city. It brings a range of disciplinary approaches to bear on the pressing topics of urban poverty, urban health inequalities and urban growth. The approach is primarily spatial and includes the integration of environmental information from satellites and other geospatial sources with social science and health survey data. The authors Ghanaians and outsiders, have worked to understand the urban dynamics in this burgeoning West African metropolis, with an emphasis on urban disparities in health and living standards. Few cities in the global South have been examined from so many different perspectives. Our analysis employs a wide range of GIScience methods, including analysis of remotely sensed imagery and spatial statistical analysis, applied to a wide range of data, including census, survey and health clinic data, all of which are supplemented by field work, including systematic social observation, focus groups, and key informant interviews. This book aims to explain and highlight the mix of methods, and the important findings that have been emerging from this research, with the goal of providing guidance and inspiration for others doing similar work in cities of other developing nations
