Deadline Populism and the Press in Venezuela
by Robert Samet
University of Chicago Press, 2019
Cloth: 978-0-226-63356-5 | Paper: 978-0-226-63373-2 | Electronic: 978-0-226-63387-9
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226633879.001.0001
ABOUT THIS BOOKAUTHOR BIOGRAPHYREVIEWSTABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS BOOK

Since 2006, Venezuela has had the highest homicide rate in South America and one of the highest levels of gun violence in the world. Former president Hugo Chávez, who died in 2013, downplayed the extent of violent crime and instead emphasized rehabilitation. His successor, President Nicolás Maduro, took the opposite approach, declaring an all-out war on crime (mano dura). What accounts for this drastic shift toward more punitive measures?
 
In Deadline, anthropologist Robert Samet answers this question by focusing on the relationship between populism, the press, and what he calls “the will to security.” Drawing on nearly a decade of ethnographic research alongside journalists on the Caracas crime beat, he shows how the media shaped the politics of security from the ground up. Paradoxically, Venezuela’s punitive turn was not the product of dictatorship, but rather an outgrowth of practices and institutions normally associated with democracy. Samet reckons with this apparent contradiction by exploring the circulation of extralegal denuncias (accusations) by crime journalists, editors, sources, and audiences. Denuncias are a form of public shaming or exposé that channels popular anger against the powers that be. By showing how denuncias mobilize dissent, Deadline weaves a much larger tale about the relationship between the press, popular outrage, and the politics of security in the twenty-first century.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Robert Samet is assistant professor of anthropology at Union College in New York.
 

REVIEWS

Deadline is a gripping study of the media practices that shape and mold the protean effects of populism. The focus is Venezuela, a petrostate that fervently crystallized global neoliberal discontent in the theatrics of chavismo even as the populist movement became wreathed in increasing violence and social instability. Samet provides an engrossing, insightful analysis of this situation that will contribute to timely discussions about populism, assumptions about democracy, and the politics of journalism.”
— Dominic Boyer, Rice University

“An important work of Latin American scholarship, Deadline is nuanced, timely, and exceptionally well written. With this ethnographically rich and theoretically innovative book, Samet gives us a major contribution to the fields of media studies and political anthropology, and to the study of Venezuela.”
— Winifred Tate, Colby College

"In a crowded field, Robert Samet’s Deadline: Populism and the Press in Venezuela stands out as an original addition to scholarship on Venezuela under Chávez...[It] challenges us to re-think the relationship between populism, the media and security policy. It demonstrates the link between crime reporting and the construction of a shared identity of crime victimhood. The constructed identity that emerges has spurred aright-wing populist backlash. These themes are of interest well beyond Venezuela."
— Bulletin of Spanish Studies

“Samet’s book is ethnography at its best, from theoretical, empirical, and analytical viewpoints. His application of the theory of populism to crime journalism creates a novel and welcome dimension given the excessive use of the populist label in literature on governments and political movements in the current era.”
 
— American Anthropologist

"Rendered in beautiful, sharp and immensely accessible prose, this outstanding ethnography is anthropological theorizing done in a way that once seemed long gone. It is probably one of the most insightful studies of populism across social sciences in recent times. It will interest readers in political and economic anthropology broadly defined and would be a perfect addition to course reading lists.”
— Anthropologica

TABLE OF CONTENTS


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226633879.003.0000
[populism;popular culture;media theory;ethnography;methodologies]
The introduction presents a conceptual roadmap for how to study the relationship between populism and the press. It argues that ethnographic attention to journalistic practices can give us a better grasp of how populist movements coalesce and evolve. Such an approach provides an important counterweight to the top-down, leader-centric studies of populism that dominate contemporary social science.


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226633879.003.0001
[Caracas;polarization;journalism;crime]
Chapter one describes three issues that are important for understanding the period covered by the book (2006-2014). First, it explains how extreme polarization affected the practice of journalism. Next, it shows how this dynamic of polarization transformed violent crime into a tool of partisan politics. Finally, it argues that the rise of urban violence in Caracas during the 1980s and 1990s coincided with the neoliberal reforms that fragmented the city into a patchwork of semi-sovereign territories.
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226633879.003.0002
[Caracas;urban space;crime reporting]
Chapter two takes readers through a typical day on the Caracas crime beat. It follows reporters from their meeting place near police headquarters to the city morgue, to a crime scene in one of the barrios, and to a press conference with the Minister of Interior and Justice. The chapter ends with the journalists returning to their original meeting place before dispersing to their respective newsrooms.
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226633879.003.0003
[Maps;urban space;race;class;danger;dystopia;fear of crime]
Chapter three looks at the news stories created from the previous chapter. It uses these stories to show the implicit maps or cartographies that are written into crime news.
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226633879.003.0004
[Sano;malandro;race;class;victimhood]
One of the key oppositions that organizes crime stories in Venezuela is the distinction between thesano(a term that translates as “healthy,” “wholesome,” “good”) and themalandro(a term that refers to shady, dangerous, or potentially criminal persons). Chapter four shows how journalists frame their reporting around a distinction that has explicit racial, ethnic, and socio-economic biases. The vast majority of news coverage focuses on the suffering of victims who are assumed to be good, wholesome, upstanding citizens (sanos). In contrast, the death of anyone deemed suspect or shady (malandro) rarely warrants more than a few lines of news coverage.
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226633879.003.0005
[Polarization;populism;opposition;chavismo;Jorge Tortoza]
The other opposition that structures crime reporting in Venezuela is the polarized political distinction between the opposition and supporters of President Hugo Chávez (chavistas). Chapter five uses the death of the crime photographer Jorge Tortoza—murdered while covering the failed 2012 coup d’état against President Chávez—to illustrate this polarized dynamic and the precarious position occupied by ordinary beat journalists.
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226633879.003.0006
[denuncias;articulation;chains of equivalence;Ernesto Laclau]
Chapter six is an historical account of denunciation as a journalistic practice in Venezuela. It looks back at the socio-economic crisis of the 1980s and 1990s when the private press functioned as the country’s most influential political institution. During this period the press helpedchannel widespread discontent into a populist backlash against the two parties that governed the country. This episode illustrates how, under the right conditions, journalistic denuncias function as the building blocks of populist movements.
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226633879.003.0007
[denuncias;performativity;interpellation]
Chapter seven distinguishes two different styles of denunciation mobilized by crime reporters. Radicals used the plight of crime victims to articulate grievances against the Chávez government in a way that was explicitly anti-institutional. The objective of radical (or populist) denuncias was “regime change.” Reformers also used the denuncias of crime victims. Instead of trying to overthrow the government, however, reformers used denuncias to promote institutional changes to the police, the prisons, and the justice system.
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226633879.003.0008
[protest;charisma;injury;wrongs]
Rather than beginning, as is customary, with the citizen as bearer of rights, populism performs an interesting inversion in which citizens appear, first and foremost, as the subject of wrongs. What snaps into focus when we view populist subjectivity through the lens of wrongs is the ways in which victims and victimhood mediate the body politic. Chapter eight argues that beginning with wrongs allows us to analyze how these expressions of solidarity coalesced around certain crime victims and how these victims became the symbolic scaffolding of the popular will.
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...


DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226633879.003.0009
[punitive turn;popular will;will to security]
Since the 1970s there has been a rise in tough-on-crime policies that criminologists call “punitive populism” or the “punitive turn.”Under President Hugo Chávez, the Venezuelan government publicly denounced tough-on-crime policies as instruments of socioeconomic oppression. Following Chávez’s death, there was an abrupt change of course. The conclusion looks at how the injuries of crime victims helped facilitate Venezuela’s punitive turn. Drawing on evidence from previous chapters, I argue that the experience of violent crime transformed the popular will into what I call “the will to security."
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...