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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 245
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; France ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The creation of the Compte Personnel de Formation (CPF), an individualised financing scheme for professional training, marked an important step for the French professional training system. Implemented in 2015, it is the only example at the international level of an individual learning account in which training rights are accumulated over time. Born from a compromise between social partners, the CPF has generated significant improvements in training quality. The law of September 5, 2018 “For the freedom to choose one’s professional future” brought significant changes to the account in order to strengthen the role of the individual in the system, to reduce the role of collective actors – in particular sectors – and to increase that of free competition and market forces. After reviewing the design of the CPF before and after the reform, this paper provides evidence on its use in practice, discusses the extent to which it succeeds in reaching groups usually under-represented in training, as well as issues related to the quality of training. It concludes with a discussion of the CPF strengths and weaknesses.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.290
    Keywords: Economics ; Canada
    Abstract: This paper analyses aspects of natural resource policy and environmental policy in Canada. In the taxation of resource-based activities, the management of water supply and the Atlantic fisheries management, the paper finds that there are incentives that may lead to overexploitation, over-harvesting or over-use, with possible harmful environmental consequences. Water prices are kept low, especially for agricultural use, exacerbating water availability problems in some areas, whereas the ban on bulk water removal and exports reveals a high implicit valuation of water. The use of economic water pricing and transferable water rights in some areas would establish more consistent incentives. The evolution of the crisis in the Atlantic fisheries illustrated the problems of balancing short-term adjustment costs against long-term sustainability. A more precautionary approach in setting total allowable catches and the removal of incentives for labour to remain in the sector may ...
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.218
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: This document examines Norwegian policy on managing natural and environmental resources. These issues, and more generally the challenges of sustainable development, are primary concerns of the authorities in Norway, a country richly endowed with natural resources. Substantial action has been taken, as can be seen in the development of an integrated institutional framework and in the major efforts undertaken to co-ordinate government policies in this area. The investment of a large share of the rent from oil and gas in foreign financial assets should help ensure the inter-generational balance. Norway’s leading role in fostering international co-operation on fisheries and environmental management — where problems often extend beyond national boundaries — also reflects an engagement mindful of the needs of present and future generations. Within the country, the government has succeeded in reducing the emissions of a large number of pollutants. But measures still need to become more ...
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  • 4
    Language: French
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.71
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: What does the Paris Club do for debtor countries, and more particularly for the poorest of them? Set up to ease the liquidity constraints of a country experiencing payment problems, by rescheduling its debt with the creditor governments, the Paris Club has frequently had to intervene since the beginning of the debt crisis. Since the Toronto Summit of June 1988 it has also been playing the role of aid provider for the poorest debtor countries. After describing the functioning of the Paris Club in part one, the study goes on to evaluate the extent and role of the liquidity provided by the Club throughout the 1980s in part two. An initial finding is that the sums rescheduled through its action were very much greater than those lent over the same period by the creditor governments comprising the Club. Through focusing on selected African countries, the paper then shows that the main role of the liquidity created has been to avoid these countries' accumulating massive arrears and being cut ...
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  • 5
    Language: French
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.44
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This Technical paper presents the results of research carried out with the aim of defining and explaining how the debt crisis burden is shared between the different creditors. The interaction between creditors, which is seen primarily in this burden-sharing, is a phenomenon that has been unduly neglected by the analyses and the policies implemented since the beginning of the debt crisis. The paper first shows how it is possible, at the price of a small number of simplifying analytical assumptions, to define and statistically measure burden-sharing among creditors. The proposed method is then applied to the data of a sample group of 28 countries for a 5 year period (1985-1989). The calculations lead to extremely clear results, according to which the burden has in recent years fallen mainly on official creditors and, among these, above all on the multilateral institutions. The paper then goes on to throw light on the macroeconomic determinants of the burden borne by the ...
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.309
    Keywords: Economics ; Australia
    Abstract: This document analyses aspects of natural resource and environmental policies in Australia, focusing on water resource management, salinity and climate change mitigation. The state and central governments have not made use of their taxation powers in these domains. The cap-and-trade system for water rights in the Murray Darling basin aims at better integration of economic and environmental reform. Still higher benefits could be reaped from trading if the various restrictions on trade were lifted, and if water pricing reform were accelerated in rural areas, so as to reflect economic and environmental costs. The rules for allocating flows for the environment also need to be clarified. To address dryland salinity, more co-ordination between the States and the Commonwealth is needed, for example to avoid the contradiction inherent in subsidising revegetation programmes while at the same time authorising further land clearing. Economic instruments could be used for intermediate ...
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  • 7
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (71 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.245
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Individualising training access schemes: France – the Compte Personnel de Formation (Personal Training Account – CPF)
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; France
    Abstract: La création du Compte personnel de formation (CPF) marque une étape importante pour le système français de formation continue en instituant un dispositif individualisé de financement de formations. Mis en œuvre en janvier 2015, il est actuellement le seul exemple existant au niveau international de compte individuel de formation sur lequel les individus accumulent des droits à la formation au cours du temps. D’abord le fruit d’un compromis entre les acteurs sociaux, le CPF a généré d’importantes avancées en matière de qualité de la formation. La loi du 5 septembre 2018 “Pour la liberté de choisir son avenir professionnel” modifie significativement le compte dans l’objectif de renforcer la place de l’individu dans le système, de réduire le rôle des acteurs collectifs – notamment des branches -, et d’augmenter celui du libre jeu de la concurrence et du marché. Après une revue des caractéristiques du CPF avant et après la réforme, ce document fournit des éléments sur l’utilisation du CPF en pratique, discute la mesure dans laquelle le dispositif atteint les publics généralement sous-représentés et les questions liées à la qualité de la formation. Il conclue par une discussion des forces et faiblesses du CPF.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.79
    Keywords: Development ; Mexico
    Abstract: This paper presents a dynamic model simulating the Mexican economy, concentrating on the effects of public indebtedness. Three main variables are at the heart of the economic dynamic which is described here: the real domestic interest rate, the price of the debt on the secondary market, and the real exchange rate. The real domestic interest rate, which includes a risk premium on investments in Mexico, associated to a risk of illiquidity in the public sector, in turn influences the behaviour of private-sector investment. The price on the secondary market, which also includes a risk-bonus factor, in addition influences long-term expectations of the financial reliability of Mexico and therefore affects investment behaviour. The real exchange rate, which depends on the macroeconomic balance between goods and services, in turn affects public finances through the valuation of the contractual service of the external debt. This model is used to simulate the effects of the Brady plan, the ...
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.82
    Keywords: Development ; Niger
    Abstract: This document presents the different debt-reduction measures from which Niger has benefited since 1983. The country had a sizeable debt with commercial banks, resulting from the development of the uranium mining. Thus, to reschedule its public debt, Niger regularly resorted to both the London Club and the Paris Club. Besides these traditional measures, Niger was the first country to benefit from the IDA Debt-reduction Fund to allow it to use grants to buy back its debt at a discount. Despite the reduction produced by this process and from the application of the Toronto terms by the Paris Club which in 1991 together accounted for the maximum reduction possible by the usual procedures, the Niger government can still not meet its obligations. The adjustment policy and in particular the attempt to clean up public finances, have not resulted in rebalancing the budget in a country where the level of direct taxation is the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa and where tax receipts have continued ...
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.293
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Clean air, clean water, fewer toxic emissions and less household waste are among the key environmental policy objectives that most OECD governments have been pursuing over the past three decades. This effort to take more account of the environmental costs of economic growth has been pursued in a variety of ways in different countries, and has evolved over time with policy instruments that may be technical standards, emission prohibition, tradable permits, taxes, voluntary agreements and many others. This paper surveys aspects of environmental and natural resource policy in a number of OECD countries paying particular attention to how countries succeed in conducting cost-effective and consistent policies in the environment and natural resource areas, not on environmental policy or outcomes per se. Four common themes emerged: attempts to design institutions or processes to achieve co-ordination across policies and sectors; certain sectors where policies make environmental objectives ...
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