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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Preventing more "missing girls" : a review of policies to tackle son preference (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8635
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kumar, Sneha Preventing More "Missing Girls": A Review of Policies To Tackle Son Preference
    Keywords: missing girls ; sex ratios ; sex selection ; gender discrimination ; Asia ; South Caucasus ; BALKANS ; FEMALE MORTALITY ; GENDER DISCRIMINATION ; GENDER RATIOS ; GENDER SELECTION ; INFANT MORTALITY ; MISSING GIRLS ; PRENATAL CARE ; SOUTH CAUCASUS ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In parts of Asia, South Caucasus, and the Balkans, son preference is strong enough to trigger significant levels of sex selection, result in the excess mortality of girls, and skew child sex ratios in favor of boys. Every year, 1.8 million girls under the age of five go "missing" because of the widespread use of sex selective practices in these regions. The pervasive use of such practices is reflective of the striking inequities girls face today, and it also has negative implications for efforts to improve women's status in the long term. Consequently, governments of countries in these regions have employed direct measures, such as banning the use of prenatal sex selection technology and providing financial incentives to families that have girls. This paper takes stock of the direct measures used across countries grappling with skewed child sex ratios and compares the efficacy of direct measures with measures that indirectly raise the value of daughters. The stocktaking suggests that there is no conclusive evidence that direct approaches reduce the higher mortality risk for girls. Bans on the use of sex selection technology may inadvertently worsen the status of the very individuals they intend to protect, and financial incentives to families with girls offer short-term benefits at most. Alternatively, indirect measures, such as legal reform to promote gender equity and advocacy efforts, offer more promise by bringing about permanent shifts in the relative value of daughters. The stocktaking also underscores the paucity of causal studies in this literature
    Note: Asia , Central Asia , East Asia and Pacific , Eastern Europe , Europe and Central Asia , South Asia
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8635
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    The economics of the gender wage gap in Armenia (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8409
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez-Chamussy, Lourdes The Economics of the Gender Wage Gap in Armenia
    Keywords: 2008 - 2015 ; Lohnstruktur ; Armenien ; FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ; GENDER DISCRIMINATION ; GENDER GAP ; GENDER WAGE GAP ; INCOME DISTRIBUTION ; LABOR MARKET ; LABOR SKILLS ; POVERTY AND INEQUALITY ; WAGE INEQUALITY ; WAGES ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In Armenia, the proportion of women among employed workers increased from 45 to 48 percent between 2008 and 2015. This evolution was accompanied by a fall in the gender earnings gap; however, the difference in average wages of men and women is still among the largest in comparison with countries in the Europe and Central Asia region. This study documents the gender wage gap in Armenia through stylized facts and further investigates its sources. The paper finds that the gender wage gap in hourly pay is 20 percent on average. Looking at the different percentiles, the disparity in wages in Armenia in 2015 shows an inverted U-shaped form with a larger differential in wages between men and women in the middle of the distribution. Using a reweighted, re-centered influence function decomposition, the analysis estimates the contribution of each covariate on the wage structure and composition effects along the wage distribution. The decomposition shows that the wage gap in Armenia is mostly driven by the wage structure effect (unexplained component), which accounts for almost all the wage gap in the middle part of the distribution (30th to 55th percentiles) and is even greater at the top, but better endowments of women offset it to some extent. In the bottom part of the distribution however, the composition effect is larger, consistent with lower endowments among women, for example, of skills and human capital
    Note: Armenia , Europe and Central Asia
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8409
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    The Many Faces of Deprivation : A Multidimensional Approach to Poverty in Armenia (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Martirosova, Diana The Many Faces of Deprivation: A Multidimensional Approach to Poverty in Armenia
    Abstract: This note describes a new measure of multidimensional poverty developed for Armenia. In 2013, the National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia and the World Bank began work on a national measure of multidimensional poverty to supplement the consumption poverty indicator. This measure, which was identified through consultations with many stakeholders in Armenia, reflects deprivations specific to Armenia in the areas of education, health, labor, housing conditions, and basic needs. The approach offers insights into the complexity, depth, and persistence of poverty in the country; tailoring it specifically to the country context enhances its relevance for policy. This note uses the new measure to describe national trends and regional patterns
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8179
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    When Do Gender Wage Differences Emerge? : A Study of Azerbaijan's Labor Market (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pastore, Francesco When Do Gender Wage Differences Emerge? : A Study of Azerbaijan's Labor Market
    Abstract: Building on recent analyses that find a sizeable overall gender wage gap in Azerbaijan's workforce, this paper uses data on young workers in their early years in the labor market to understand how gender wage gaps evolve over time, if at all. The paper uses a unique database from a survey of young people ages 15-29 years. The analysis provides evidence that new labor market entrants begin with little or no gender differences in earnings, but a wage gap gradually emerges over time closer to the childbearing years. The gender wage gap grows from virtually zero, or even a small, positive gap in favor of women, until age 20 years, to about 20 percent two years later and even more than 30 percent at age 29 years. The gap in labor supply rises from almost zero to about 20 percent during the years from 19 to 22, while the gap in hours worked falls from positive (up to six hours per week more than their male counterparts) to negative (up to five hours per week less) over the same period in the life cycle. When decomposing the gap at different deciles of the wage distribution, it appears that most of it is at the lower and upper ends of the distribution, among young adults and prime-age workers. Selection of women into employment is strong and strongly skill-based: when controlling for sample selection bias, the gender gap becomes positive
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7613
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Long-term financial incentives and investment in daughters : evidence from conditional cash transfers in north India (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Reproduktion 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4860
    Parallel Title: Sinha, Nistha Long-term financial incentives and investment in daughters
    Keywords: Daughters ; Health status indicators ; Human capital ; Sex of children, Parental preferences for
    Abstract: "Since the early 1990s, several states in India have introduced financial incentive programs to discourage son preference among parents and encourage investment in daughters' education and health. This study evaluates one such program in the state of Haryana, Apni Beti Apna Dhan (Our Daughter, Our Wealth). Since 1994, eligible parents in Haryana have been offered a financial incentive if they give birth to a daughter. The incentive consists of an immediate cash grant and a long-term savings bond redeemable on the daughter's 18th birthday provided she is unmarried, with additional bonuses for education. Although no specific program participation data are available, we estimate early intent-to-treat program effects on mothers (sex ratio among live children, fertility preferences) and children (mother's use of antenatal care, survival, nutritional status, immunization, schooling) using statewide household survey data on fertility and child health, and constructing proxies for household and individual program eligibility. The results based on this limited data imply that Apni Beti Apna Dhan had a positive effect on the sex ratio of living children, but inconclusive effects on mothers' preferences for having female children as well as total desired fertility. The findings also show that parents increased their investment in daughters' human capital as a result of the program. Families made greater post-natal health investments in eligible girls, with some mixed evidence of improving health status in the short and medium term. Further evidence also suggests that the early cohort of eligible school-age girls was not significantly more likely to attend school; however, conditional on first attending any school, they may be more likely to continue their education. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4860
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    How do women weather economic shocks? : A review of the evidence (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Edition: Reproduktion 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Sabarwal, Shwetlena How do women weather economic shocks?
    Abstract: Do women weather economic shocks differently than men? The evidence shows this to be the case, especially in low-income countries. The first-round impacts of economic crises on women's employment should be particularly salient in the current downturn, since women have increased their participation in the globalized workforce and therefore are more directly affected by the contraction of employment than in the past. Crises also have second-round impacts, as vulnerable households respond to declining income with coping strategies that can vary significantly by gender. In the past, women from low-income households have typically entered the labor force, while women from rich households have often exited the labor market in response to economic crises. In contrast, men's labor force participation rates have remained largely unchanged. Evidence also suggests that women defer fertility during economic crises and that child schooling and child survival are adversely affected, mainly in low-income countries, with adverse effects on health being greater for girls than for boys. In middle-income countries, by contrast, the effects on children's schooling and health are more nuanced, and gender differences less salient. Providing women in poor households with income during economic downturns makes economic sense. This paper reviews workfare programs and cash transfers and finds that the former provide poor women with income only when they include specific design features. The latter have been effective in providing mothers with income and protecting the wellbeing of children in periods of economic downturn
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5496
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Informality and inclusive growth in the Middle East and North Africa (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464819889 , 9781464819896
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxxiii,276 pages) , Diagramme, Tabellen, graphische Darstellungen
    Series Statement: MENA Development Report
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Schattenwirtschaft ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Gemeinwohl ; Interesse ; Grundlage ; Strukturfaktor ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsbeziehungen ; Steuersystem ; Transfereinkommen ; Handelsrecht ; Regulierung ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Employment ; Formalization Incentives ; Inclusive growth ; Informality ; Labor Market ; Labor Regulations ; Market Conditions ; Productivity ; Taxes ; Naher Osten ; Mittlerer Osten ; Nordafrika ; Ägypten ; Marokko ; Tunesien ; Employment ; Enterprise Registration ; Formalization Incentives ; Inclusive Growth ; Informal Employment ; Informality ; Labor Market ; Labor Regulations ; Market Conditions ; Productivity ; Social Protection ; Taxes
    Abstract: The long-standing informality debate in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region has taken on a new urgency as it looks for a pathway to more socially inclusive growth that is less reliant on fossil fuels. This is occurring against a backdrop of subpar labor market outcomes, further growth setbacks, and deteriorating fiscal and current account deficits in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic--and in the wake of high inflation and supply chain disruptions triggered by the Russian Federation-Ukraine war. 'Informality and Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and North Africa' aims to better understand the characteristics and incentive structure that have led to the prevalence of informal employment in three MENA countries--the Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. The report breaks new ground by adopting a comprehensive perspective to focus on the features of, and interrelationships among, different aspects of these countries' institutional landscapes to make sense of the complex incentive structure that workers and firms face when deciding between formal and informal options. Specifically, the report groups these issues in three broad realms: (1) entrepreneur-worker relations, (2) taxes and transfers, and (3) market conditions. 'This report is an extremely welcome addition to the literature on MENA labor markets. By analyzing the incentive structure and institutional factors that have led to the prevalence of informal employment in Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, it points the way to policy actions that can be taken to reduce informality and increase social protection for workers. It is a must-read for anyone who cares about greater economic inclusion in MENA.' --Ragui Assaad, Professor, Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota 'A compelling account of the implications of informality in the workforce and how economies of MENA can design appropriate policy responses. This timely report comes amid multiple social reforms in MENA and is a must-read for policy practitioners and economists in the region.' --Karim El Aynaoui, Executive President, Policy Center for the New South 'This report is particularly timely given the negative impact the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent crises have had on living standards and poverty rates around the world and especially in MENA countries. While the focus on boosting growth and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals has revolved around financing, the report sheds new light on the benefits that tackling informality through institutional, regulatory, and policy changes could present to achieving these goals.' --Mahmoud Mohieldin, Executive Director, International Monetary Fund
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Gender Equality, Poverty And Economic Growth (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Morrison, Andrew Gender Equality, Poverty And Economic Growth
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Empowerment ; Female ; Gender ; Gender Equality ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Gender inequalities ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Husband ; Law and Development ; Pension ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Wife ; Will ; Woman
    Abstract: This paper reviews empirical findings from economic analyses of the role of gender equality and women's empowerment in reducing poverty and stimulating growth. Going beyond the large literature documenting the impact of female education on a range of development outcomes, the paper presents evidence on the impact of women's access to markets (labor, land, and credit) and women's decision-making power within households on poverty reduction and productivity at the individual and household level. The paper also summarizes evidence from studies examining the relationship between gender equality and poverty reduction and growth at the macro level. Although micro level effects of gender equality on individual productivity and human development outcomes have been well documented and have important ramifications for aggregate economic performance, establishing an empirical relationship between gender equality and poverty reduction and growth at the macro level has proven to be more challenging. The paper concludes by identifying priority areas for future research
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Occupational segregation and declining gender wage gap : the case of Georgia (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8583
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Khitarishvili, Tamar Occupational Segregation and Declining Gender Wage Gap: The Case of Georgia
    Keywords: EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK ; GENDER WAGE GAP ; HIRING BIAS ; INEQUALITY ; OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION ; WAGE GAP ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the role of industrial and occupational segregation in explaining the gender wage gap and its evolution in Georgia between 2004 and 2015. It first documents the declining trends observed in the gender wage gap in Georgia during this period, commenting on some of the possible underlying factors driving such trends. It then presents evidence that employment patterns by industry and occupations are highly concentrated in the country and measures the degree of segregation using the Duncan index. Next, it analyzes if and how much industrial and occupational segregation have contributed to the gender wage gap and its decline by decomposing the gender wage gap into the within-category and between-category components. The results point to existing gender wage gaps within sectors, industries, and occupations being the primary drivers of the wage gap in Georgia, and find a smaller role of gender segregation per se in these categories
    Note: Europe and Central Asia , Georgia
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8583
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Impact of fiscal policy on inequality and poverty in the Arab Republic of Egypt (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8824
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lara Ibarra, Gabriel Impact of Fiscal Policy on Inequality and Poverty in the arab Republic of Egypt
    Keywords: Fiscal Policy and Inequality ; Income Inequality ; Poverty ; Social Assistance ; Taxation ; Egypt ; CEQ ; FISCAL POLICY ; INCOME INEQUALITY ; POVERTY ; SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ; TAXATION ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study assesses the redistributive impact of fiscal policy -- including expenditures and taxation -- in the Arab Republic of Egypt. Using a broadly applied methodology, a fiscal incidence analysis is conducted using survey and government data for fiscal year 2015. Evidence shows that Egyptian fiscal policy reduces income inequality, and that among individual fiscal programs, the largest reduction is due to public expenditures on the primary education system. Compared with similar countries, Egypt's overall fiscal policy placed it in the median of the distribution of inequality reduction. Fiscal policies in Egypt also led to a decrease in poverty, mostly from the flagship Tamween program. Poverty and inequality could be reduced more effectively if the country would shift away from spending on untargeted energy subsidies to more targeted transfers. The large gap between the government's expenditures and revenues helps explain the positive outcomes on poverty and inequality but poses challenges in the long term
    Note: Egypt, Arab Republic of , Middle East and North Africa
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8824
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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