ISBN:
1-316-80014-8
,
1-316-80525-5
,
1-316-77948-3
Language:
English
Pages:
1 online resource (xxv, 512 pages) :
,
digital, PDF file(s).
Edition:
First edition.
DDC:
304.2
Keywords:
Environmentalism.
;
Natural resources Management.
;
Human ecology.
;
Sustainability.
Abstract:
In the past few decades, sustainability of natural resources and the social and environmental issues that surround them have become increasingly topical. This multidisciplinary book discusses the complex relationships between society, natural resources and the environment. Major resources including water, agriculture, energy, minerals and forests are considered, as well as different facets of the environment including climate, landforms and biodiversity. Each resource is discussed in the context of both environmental and socio-economic factors affecting their present and future distribution and demand. Presenting a balanced, comprehensive overview of the issues surrounding natural resources and sustainability, this accessible volume will be of interest to policy makers, resource managers, graduate students and researchers in the natural and social sciences.
Description / Table of Contents:
Cover -- Half-title page -- Reviews -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Figure Credits -- Part I Introduction, Dynamic Systems, and Change -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Resources, Environment, and People -- 1.2 Focus of the Book -- 1.3 Recurrent Themes -- 1.4 Socioenvironmental Systems -- 1.5 Spatial and Temporal Scales -- 1.6 Organization of the Book -- References -- 2 A Perspective on Dynamic Systems -- 2.1 Systems Theory and Complexity -- 2.2 Some Terminology of Complex Systems -- 2.3 A Conceptual Scheme of Complex Systems -- 2.4 Modeling -- 2.5 Hierarchies and Networks -- References -- 3 Change, Sustainability, and Related Concepts -- 3.1 Change -- 3.2 Sustainability -- 3.3 Resilience, Tipping Points, and Regime Shifts -- 3.4 Case Studies -- 3.5 Frameworks -- 3.6 Management -- References -- Part II People -- 4 How People Communicate and Interact -- 4.1 Human Settlements, Communication, Interactions -- 4.2 Communication Technologies -- 4.3 Transportation -- 4.4 Population Concentrations and Amenities -- 4.5 Population Densities and Dwellings -- References -- 5 People, Societies, Populations, and Changes -- 5.1 Human Development and the Current Situation -- 5.2 Urban and Rural Changes -- 5.3 Economic Development and Social Changes -- 5.4 Fertility Rates and Population Changes -- 5.5 Future World Population -- References -- 6 Influences on Human Well-Being and Cultures, Societies, and Technologies -- 6.1 Measures of Social Development/Well-Being -- 6.2 Comparisons of Four Measures of Well-Being -- 6.3 Factors Related to Social Development and Well-Being -- 6.4 Cultures, Groupthink, Mental Models, Societies, and Institutions -- 6.5 Social and Technological Changes -- References -- Part III Climates -- 7 Global Distribution of Climates -- 7.1 Distribution of Climates and Vegetation.
Description / Table of Contents:
7.2 Energy and Heating of the Earth -- 7.3 Air Movement and the Atmosphere -- 7.4 Prevailing Winds, Evaporation, and Precipitation -- 7.5 Oceans, Currents, and Climates -- 7.6 Earth's Tilt and Seasons -- 7.7 Other Climate Behaviors -- References -- 8 Greenhouse Gases, Atmosphere, and Climates -- 8.1 Layers and Composition of the Atmosphere -- 8.2 Carbon Dioxide -- 8.3 Other Greenhouse Gases -- 8.4 Heating the Atmosphere -- References -- 9 Past and Future Climate Changes -- 9.1 Long-Term Climate History -- 9.2 Ice Ages and Glaciers -- 9.3 Milankovitch Cycles and Glaciation -- 9.4 Shorter Climate Fluctuations -- 9.5 Future Climate Scenarios -- 9.6 Managing Climate Changes -- References -- Part IV Landforms -- 10 Landforms and Soils -- 10.1 Distribution, Soils, and Management -- 10.2 Soil Properties and Variations -- 10.3 Soil Chemical Composition and Development -- 10.4 Distribution of Landforms -- 10.5 Managing Landforms -- References -- 11 Bedrock Landforms -- 11.1 Weathered Shield Bedrock -- 11.2 Recent Igneous and Old Metamorphic Bedrock -- 11.3 Recent Metamorphic and Old Sedimentary Bedrock -- 11.4 Large Basalt Flow Bedrock -- 11.5 Karst Landforms -- 11.6 Mountains -- References -- 12 Landforms of Transported Materials -- 12.1 Volcanic Ash and Tuff -- 12.2 Sand Dunes -- 12.3 Loess -- 12.4 Alluvial Floodplains -- 12.5 Coastal Plains -- 12.6 Glaciated Areas -- 12.7 Bogs -- 12.8 Permafrost -- 12.9 Wetlands -- References -- Part V Biodiversity -- 13 Biodiversity: Individual Species -- 13.1 Biodiversity Overview -- 13.2 Classifications and Variations of Organisms -- 13.3 Niche, Food Web, Island Biogeography -- 13.4 Species Pump, Carrying Capacity, Exotics -- 13.5 Plant, Animal, and Microbial Behaviors -- References -- 14 Biodiversity: Communities and Landscapes -- 14.1 Ecosystems and a Paradigm Shift -- 14.2 Plant Community Dynamics.
Description / Table of Contents:
14.3 Emergent Patterns: Plant Community Structures -- 14.4 Animals' Habitats, Movements, and Behaviors -- 14.5 Landscapes of Multiple Plant Communities -- 14.6 Species Movements with Climate Change -- References -- 15 Robust and Threatened Communities and Species -- 15.1 Coarse Filter Conservation -- 15.2 Floristic Realms -- 15.3 Vegetation, Land Covers, Biodiversity Hotspots -- 15.4 Fine Filter Conservation -- References -- 16 Managing Biodiversity -- 16.1 People's Effects on Biodiversity -- 16.2 Approaches to Promoting Biodiversity -- 16.3 Policies for Promoting Biodiversity -- 16.4 Activities to Promote Biodiversity -- References -- Part VI Water -- 17 Hydrologic Cycle -- 17.1 Distribution and Properties of Water -- 17.2 Hydrologic Cycle -- 17.3 Saltwater and Atmospheric Water Stocks -- 17.4 Surface Terrestrial Water Stocks -- 17.5 Below-Surface Terrestrial Water Stocks -- 17.6 Water Flows -- References -- 18 Annual Hydrographs and Water Use -- 18.1 Patterns of Water Flow -- 18.2 Transboundary Water Use and Conflict -- 18.3 Water Use, Land Use, and Water Flow -- 18.4 Protection from Water -- References -- 19 Managing and Mitigating Hydrologic Systems -- 19.1 Changing the Hydrologic Systems -- 19.2 Aquifers -- 19.3 Surface Waters -- 19.4 Conserving Existing Water -- 19.5 Obtaining More Water Sustainably -- References -- Part VII Agriculture -- 20 Food Groups and Nutrition -- 20.1 Agriculture, Food, and Nutrients -- 20.2 Food Groups, Nutrients, and Consumption -- 20.3 Physiology of Food Synthesis -- 20.4 Plant Food Groups and Production -- 20.5 Animal Food Groups and Production -- 20.6 Human Food Requirements -- 20.7 Nonfood Agriculture Commodities -- References -- 21 Agriculture and the Green Revolution -- 21.1 Development of Agriculture and Associated Technologies -- 21.2 Growth and Use Efficiency of Crops -- 21.3 Energy Consumption in Agriculture.
Description / Table of Contents:
21.4 Plowing, Irrigation, and Chemicals -- 21.5 Other Activities -- References -- 22 Future Agriculture Production and Distribution -- 22.1 Global Distribution of Agriculture Land -- 22.2 Hunger and Food Shortages -- 22.3 Food Distribution -- 22.4 Food Production -- 22.5 Options: Intensive, Organic, Range, Pen -- References -- Part VIII Energy -- 23 Energy Sources, the Energy Cycle, Exergy -- 23.1 Defining and Measuring Energy -- 23.2 Potential and Kinetic Energy -- 23.3 Electricity and Exergy: Energy Quality -- 23.4 Energy Cycle into and out of the Earth -- 23.5 Energy Flows Within the Earth -- References -- 24 Conserving Energy and Renewable Energy -- 24.1 Human Use of Energy -- 24.2 Future Energy Infrastructures -- 24.3 Emerging Renewable Technologies -- 24.4 Energy Conversion, Transport, and Storage -- 24.5 Avoiding Energy Use -- 24.6 World's Energy Uses -- References -- 25 Future Energy: Reducing Fossil Fuel Use -- 25.1 Issues Generated by Fossil Fuels -- 25.2 Recent Trends in Energy Sources -- 25.3 Scenario to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use -- 25.4 Other Emerging Issues with Fossil Fuels -- 25.5 Renewable Energy as Economic Stimuli -- References -- Part IX Minerals -- 26 Rocks and Mineral Properties, Mining -- 26.1 The Earth's Mineral Composition -- 26.2 Metal and Nonmetal Elements -- 26.3 Mineral Chemical Structures -- 26.4 Minerals and Elements Within -- 26.5 Mineral Formation and Concentration Systems -- 26.6 Mining -- References -- 27 Rocks and Minerals: Production, Use, Distribution -- 27.1 Volumes of Minerals Produced -- 27.2 Locations of Minerals -- 27.3 Forms and Uses of Minerals -- 27.4 Mineral Production -- 27.5 Sustaining Mineral Systems -- References -- Part X Forests -- 28 Forest Commodity and Non-Commodity Values -- 28.1 An Underused Resource -- 28.2 Forest Values and Stand Structures -- 28.3 Non-Commodity Values.
Description / Table of Contents:
28.4 Non-Timber Forest Products -- 28.5 Timber Products -- References -- 29 Forest Distribution, Area, and Volume Changes -- 29.1 Forest Area and Timber Volume -- 29.2 Forest Ownership -- 29.3 Area and Volume Changes -- 29.4 Forest Employment -- References -- 30 Silviculture, Forest Degradation, Landscape Management -- 30.1 Background and Sustained Yield -- 30.2 Silviculture Systems, Pathways, and Operations -- 30.3 Forest Degradation -- 30.4 Landscape Management and Sustainability -- 30.5 Broad Temporal and Spatial Scales and Land Use -- 30.6 Agro-Forestry and Intensive Plantations -- 30.7 Enhancing Biodiversity and Rural Employment -- References -- Part XI Perspective -- 31 Integrating the Environment, Resources, and People -- 31.1 Managing Dynamic Socioenvironmental Systems -- 31.2 Future Climate Scenarios -- 31.3 Population Changes -- 31.4 Constructing Infrastructures -- 31.5 Biodiversity -- 31.6 The Resources -- References -- Appendix I Country Groups Used in Analyses -- Appendix II Elements, Chemical Symbols, Atomic Numbers, and Masses -- Index.
Note:
Includes index.
Permalink
