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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Is Random Forest a Superior Methodology for Predicting Poverty? : An Empirical Assessment (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sohnesen, Thomas Pave Is Random Forest a Superior Methodology for Predicting Poverty? An Empirical Assessment
    Abstract: Random forest is in many fields of research a common method for data driven predictions. Within economics and prediction of poverty, random forest is rarely used. Comparing out-of-sample predictions in surveys for same year in six countries shows that random forest is often more accurate than current common practice (multiple imputations with variables selected by stepwise and Lasso), suggesting that this method could contribute to better poverty predictions. However, none of the methods consistently provides accurate predictions of poverty over time, highlighting that technical model fitting by any method within a single year is not always, by itself, sufficient for accurate predictions of poverty over time
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7612
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Should consumption sub-aggregates be used to measure poverty? (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9312
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Christiaensen, Luc Should Consumption Sub-Aggregates be used to Measure Poverty?
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Frequent measurement of poverty is challenging, as measurement often relies on complex and expensive expenditure surveys that try to measure expenditures on a comprehensive consumption aggregate. This paper investigates the use of consumption "sub-aggregates" instead. The use of consumption sub-aggregates is theoretically justified if and only if all the Engel curves are linear for any realization of prices. This is very stringent. However, it may be possible to empirically identify certain goods that happen to have linear Engel curves given prevailing prices, and when the effect of price changes is small, such a sub-aggregate might work in practice. The paper constructs such linear sub-aggregates using data from Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. The findings show that using sub-aggregates is ill-advised in practice as well as in theory. This raises questions about the consistency of the poverty-tracking efforts currently applied across countries, since obtaining exhaustive consumption measures remains an unmet challenge
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9312
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Small Area Estimation of Child Malnutrition in Ethiopian Woredas (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sohnesen, Thomas Pave Small Area Estimation of Child Malnutrition in Ethiopian Woredas
    Abstract: Reducing child undernutrition is a key social policy objective of the Ethiopian government. espite substantial reduction over the past decade and a half, child undernutrition is still high. With 48 percent of children stunted, underweight, or wasted, undernutrition remains an important child health challenge. The existing literature highlights that the targeting of efforts to reduce undernutrition in Ethiopia is inefficient, in part because of the lack of data and updated information. This paper remedies some of this shortfall by estimating levels of stunting and underweight in each woreda for 2014. The estimates are small area estimations based on the 2014 emographic and Health Survey and the latest population census. It is shown that small area estimations are powerful predictors of undernutrition, even controlling for household characteristics, such as wealth and education, and hence a valuable targeting metric. The results show large variations in share of children undernourished in each region, more than between regions. The results also show that the locations with larger challenges depend on the chosen undernutrition statistic, as the share, number, and concentration of undernourished children point to vastly different locations. There is limited correlation between the shares of children underweight and stunted across woredas, indicating that different locations face different challenges
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7581
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Is formal lifelong learning a profitable investment for all of life? : how age, education level, and flexibility of provision affect rates of return to adult education in Colombia (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3800
    Parallel Title: Sohnesen, Thomas Pave Is formal lifelong learning a profitable investment for all of life?
    Keywords: Adult education Economic aspects ; Continuing education Economic aspects ; Adult education Economic aspects ; Continuing education Economic aspects
    Abstract: "Lifelong learning is increasingly being recognized as a primary factor for knowledge diffusion and productivity growth. However, little economic evidence exists on the economic value of lifelong learning for the individual, especially in developing countries. This paper contributes to remedy this shortfall. It investigates one aspect of lifelong learning: returns to formal education across ages. In the absence of long-term longitudinal data, the paper estimates rates of return for simulated re-entry into the education system. The estimations use the method of internal rate of return and are based on observed education-age-earnings profiles from the Colombian national household survey. It finds that rates of return to all levels of education are only slightly smaller for 35 year olds than for young people, thus confirming the profitability of investment in adult education. Tertiary education continues to attract a positive return until late in life, 45-50 years, whereas the economic value of re-entering primary and secondary education is positive up till the age of 40-45. So, formal lifelong learning seems to remain a profitable investment for at least half of life. But lack of part-time work, high tuition fees, and prolonged study time reduce the return. The findings suggest that adult formal education initiatives should focus on the 20 to 40 year olds and be designed flexibly to allow learners to work part time. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 12/16/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Patient Satisfaction, Doctor Effort, And Interview Location : Evidence From Paraguay (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Das, Jishnu Patient Satisfaction, Doctor Effort, And Interview Location
    Keywords: Aged ; Clinics ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; General Practice ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Medicines ; Nursing ; Observation ; Aged ; Clinics ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; General Practice ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Medicines ; Nursing ; Observation ; Aged ; Clinics ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; General Practice ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Medicines ; Nursing ; Observation
    Abstract: To examine the relationship between patient satisfaction and doctor performance, the authors observed 2,271 interactions between 292 doctors and their patients in 98 clinics and hospitals in Paraguay and conducted an exit-survey with the same patients as they left the clinic. For a subsample of 64 facilities they also interviewed patients who visited the facility within the last week. There are three patterns in the data: (1) Patient satisfaction is positively correlated with doctor effort, measured as a combination of time spent, questions asked, and examinations performed after controlling for observed doctor and patient characteristics; (2) However, accounting for unobserved doctor characteristics dramatically reduces the level of significance and size of correlation between effort and satisfaction, showing that much of the positive relationship is driven by these unobserved doctor-specific factors; and (3) Reported satisfaction is significantly lower for patients interviewed at home compared with those interviewed at the clinic. This leads the authors to conclude that even if patient satisfaction reflects some aspects of the doctor's performance, unobserved heterogeneity combined with survey biases limit the widespread applicability of patient satisfaction as an indicator of doctor performance
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Household Enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa : Why They Matter for Growth, Jobs, and Livelihoods (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Fox, Louise Household Enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: Despite 40 percent of households relying on household enterprises (non-farm enterprises operated by a single individual or with the help of family members) as an income source, household enterprises are usually ignored in low-income Sub-Saharan-African development strategies. Yet analysis of eight countries shows that although the fast growing economies generated new private non-farm wage jobs at high rates, household enterprises generated most new jobs outside agriculture. Owing to the small size of the non-farm wage job sector, this trend is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. This analysis of enterprises and their owners shows that although it is a heterogeneous sector within countries, there are many similarities across countries, indicating that cross-country learning is possible. For labor force participants who want to use their skills and energy to create a non-farm income source for themselves and their families, household enterprises offer a good opportunity even if they remain small. The paper finds that given household human capital and location, household enterprise earnings have the same marginal effect on consumption as private wage and salary employment. The authors argue that household enterprises should be seen as part of an integrated job and development strategy
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6184
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Household Enterprises in Mozambique : Key to Poverty Reduction but Not on the Development Agenda? (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Fox, Louise Household Enterprises in Mozambique
    Abstract: Household enterprises-usually one-person-operated tiny informal enterprises-are a rapidly growing source of employment in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in lower-income countries. Household enterprises tend to operate with limited interest or support from governments. This is the case in Mozambique, where neither the poverty reduction strategy nor small and medium enterprise development policies include household enterprises. Using multiple household surveys, including a recent panel data set, this paper identifies the characteristics of the sector and its development during the period in which Mozambique experienced rapid economic growth. The analysis finds that household enterprises in Mozambique are associated with higher household consumption, lower rural poverty, as well as upward mobility, particularly for rural and poorly educated households. But if the Mozambican government wants to tap this potential, it will need a different strategy than one designed to support small and medium enterprises, because creation and survival in this sector seems to depend on a set of factors related to the human capital in the household and development in the location, not the soft business environment constraints, such as licensing and permitting and corruption, which are cited by larger business
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6570
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Same Question but Different Answer : Experimental Evidence on Questionnaire Design's Impact on Poverty Measured by Proxies (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kilic, Talip Same Question but Different Answer: Experimental Evidence on Questionnaire Design's Impact on Poverty Measured by Proxies
    Abstract: Does the same question asked of the same population yield the same answer in face-to-face interviews when other parts of the questionnaire are altered? If not, what would be the implications for proxy-based poverty measurement? Relying on a randomized household survey experiment implemented in Malawi, this study finds that observationally equivalent as well as same households answer the same questions differently when interviewed with a short questionnaire versus the longer counterpart that, in a prior survey round, would have informed the prediction model for a proxy-based poverty measurement exercise. The analysis yields statistically significant differences in reporting between the short and long questionnaires across all topics and types of questions. The reporting differences result in significantly different predicted poverty rates and Gini coefficients. While the difference in predictions ranges from approximately 3 to 7 percentage points depending on the model specification, restricting the proxies to those collected prior the variation in questionnaire design, namely demographic variables from the household roster and location fixed effects, leads to same predictions in both samples. The findings emphasize the need for further methodological research, and suggest that short questionnaires designed for proxy-based poverty measurement should be piloted, prior to implementation, in parallel with the longer questionnaire from which they have evolved. The fact that at the median it took 25 minutes to complete the food and non-food consumption sections in the long questionnaire also implies that the implementation of these sections might not be as overly costly as usually assumed
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7182
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Guiding Social Protection Targeting Through Satellite Data in Sao Tome and Principe (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Earth Sciences and GIS ; Poverty Reduction ; Science and Technology Development ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Technology Innovation
    Abstract: Social safety net programs focus on a subset of the population, usually the poorest and most vulnerable. However, in most developing countries there is no administrative data on relative wealth of the population to support the selection process of the potential beneficiaries of the social safety net programs. Hence, selection into programs is often multi-methodological approached and starts with geographical targeting for the selection of program implementation areas. To facilitate this stage of the targeting process in Sao Tome and Principe, this working paper develops High Resolution Satellite Imagery (HRSI) poverty maps, providing both estimates of poverty incidence and program eligibility at a highly detailed resolution (110 m x 110 m). Furthermore, the analysis combines poverty incidence and population density to enable the geographical targeting process. This working paper shows that HRSI poverty maps can be used as key operational tools to facilitate the decision-making process of the geographical targeting and efficiently identify entry points for rapidly expanding social safety net programs. Unlike HRSI poverty maps based on census data, poverty maps based on satellite data and machine learning can be updated frequently at low cost supporting more adaptive social protection programs
    DOI: 10.1596/38222
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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