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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Can Production And Trafficking of Illicit Drugs Be Reduced Or Merely Shifted? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Reuter, Peter Can Production And Trafficking of Illicit Drugs Be Reduced Or Merely Shifted?
    Keywords: Addiction ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Cocaine ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption ; Crime ; Crime and Society ; Drug ; Drug control programs ; Drug trafficking ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heroin ; Illicit Drugs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Trafficking ; Addiction ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Cocaine ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption ; Crime ; Crime and Society ; Drug ; Drug control programs ; Drug trafficking ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heroin ; Illicit Drugs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Trafficking ; Addiction ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Cocaine ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption ; Crime ; Crime and Society ; Drug ; Drug control programs ; Drug trafficking ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heroin ; Illicit Drugs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Trafficking
    Abstract: The production of cocaine and heroin, the two most important drugs economically, has been concentrated in a small number of poor nations for 25 years. A slightly larger number of developing nations have been affected by large-scale trafficking in these two drugs. This paper reviews what is known about drug control programs and considers non-traditional options. The usual array of programs for suppressing drug problems, enforcement, treatment, harm reduction and prevention have been assessed almost exclusively in wealthy nations. Although treatment has been shown to be cost-effective, it is of minimal relevance for reducing the drug problems of nations such as Afghanistan, Colombia, Mexico or Tajikistan, which are primarily harmed by production and trafficking rather than consumption. Efforts to reduce drug production and trafficking have not been subject to systematic evaluation but the best interpretation of the available evidence is that they have had minimal effect on the quantities produced or trafficked. It is reasonable to conclude that international drug control efforts can do more to affect where these drugs are produced rather than the quantity. If that is the case, and given that spreading a specific level of production or trafficking to more rather than fewer nations probably decreases global welfare, it may be appropriate to consider a less aggressive stance to current producers and to make strategic decisions about the location of an industry producing a global bad
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Illicit Financial Flows and Governance : The Importance of Disaggregation (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Development Report Background Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: After decades of billion dollar scandals around long-serving dictators removing vast fortunes from their impoverished nations, the broader phenomenon of which this is part has acquired a label: Illicit Financial Flows (IFFs). The term encompasses the international transfer of moneys generated by bribery, tax evasion and illegal markets. IFFs have been the object of much attention from high level bodies such as the G20 and G7. The purpose of this Note is to develop a better understanding of the drivers of the phenomenon itself in terms of governance and also of the governance challenge in trying to reduce IFFs. It deals with the distribution of power as a factor in both aspects. The discussion does not examine the drivers or consequences of the activities that generate most IFFs, such as bribery and tax evasion. Thus a statement that IFFs from criminal earnings does not affect development institutions is not a statement about the adverse effects of a large criminal sector, which may indeed have very serious economic and development consequences. The paper deals only briefly with the contested issues of definition and measurement. This paper has been relentlessly speculative that reflects the state of understanding of the IFF phenomenon. For reform efforts, a good understanding of the governance issues and the obstacles to aligning the interests and capacities of the many participants is crucial
    DOI: 10.1596/26210
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Draining development? : controlling flows of illicit funds from developing countries (2012)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821388693 , 9780821389324
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 364.1/33
    Keywords: Money laundering ; Tax administration and procedure ; Tax evasion ; Transfer pricing Taxation ; Law and legislation ; Money laundering ; Tax administration and procedure ; Tax evasion ; Transfer pricing Taxation ; Law and legislation ; Money laundering ; Tax administration and procedure ; Tax evasion ; Transfer pricing
    Description / Table of Contents: Foreword / Ngozi Okonjo-Inweala and Erik Sollheim"The dynamics of illicit flows" : introduction and overview / Peter Reuter -- The political economy of illicit flows -- Governance and illicit flows / Stefanie Blankenburg and Mushtaq Khan -- The political economy of controlling tax evasion and illicit flows / Max -- Tax evasion, tax avoidance and developing countries / Clemens Fuest and Nadine Riedel -- Illegal markets -- Illegal capital flows and money laundering in Colombia / Francisco Thoumi and Marcela Anzoli -- Human smuggling and international financial flows / Pierre Kopp -- To what extent do corporations facilitate illicit flows? -- Transfer pricing manipulation and developing countries / Lorraine Eden -- The role of transfer pricing in illicit financial flows from developing countries / Carlos Leite -- Accounting for the missing billions / Richard Murphy -- Trade mispricing and illicit flows / Volker Nitsch -- Policy interventions -- Tax havens, illicit flows and developing countries / Alex Cobham -- How well do anti-money laundering controls work in developing countries? / Michael Levi -- The kleptocrat's portfolio decision / James Maton and Tim Daniel -- Conclusions and the path forward -- The practical political economy of illicit flows / Mick Moore -- Policy and research implications of illicit flows / Peter Reuter.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8869-3
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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