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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Cost of Compliance With Product Standards For Firms In Developing Countries : An Econometric Study (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Maskus, Keith E The Cost of Compliance With Product Standards For Firms In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Administrative and Regulatory Law ; Capital ; Competitiveness ; Cost Functions ; Damages ; Econometric Models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Fixed Costs ; Inputs ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Production ; Production Costs ; Public Sector Regulation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tariff Barr ; Administrative and Regulatory Law ; Capital ; Competitiveness ; Cost Functions ; Damages ; Econometric Models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Fixed Costs ; Inputs ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Production ; Production Costs ; Public Sector Regulation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tariff Barr ; Administrative and Regulatory Law ; Capital ; Competitiveness ; Cost Functions ; Damages ; Econometric Models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Fixed Costs ; Inputs ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Production ; Production Costs ; Public Sector Regulation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tariff Barr
    Abstract: Standards and technical regulations exist to protect consumer safety or to achieve other goals, such as ensuring the interoperability of telecommunications systems, for example. Standards and technical regulations can, however, raise substantially both start-up and production costs for firms. Maskus, Otsuki, and Wilson develop econometric models to provide the first estimates of the incremental production costs for firms in developing nations in conforming to standards imposed by major importing countries. They use firm-level data generated from 16 developing countries in the World Bank Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Survey Database. Their findings indicate that standards do increase short-run production costs by requiring additional inputs of labor and capital. A 1 percent increase in investment to meet compliance costs in importing countries raises variable production costs by between 0.06 and 0.13 percent, a statistically significant increase. The authors also find that the fixed costs of compliance are nontrivial-approximately
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Differentiated Intellectual Property Regimes for Environmental and Climate Technologies (2010)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.17
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Prior to the Copenhagen meeting on developing a new framework for climate-change policy there were sharp differences between the positions of developed and developing countries regarding the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in fostering international technology transfer (ITT). Expanding effective ITT is central to meeting needs for acquiring and adapting environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) in poor nations. Policymakers in developed economies generally view IPRs, particularly patents and trade secrets, as positive and critical inducements to ITT, while those in developing countries often describe them as sources of market power that impede access to new technology. This report reviews the economic logic of these positions and reviews available empirical evidence. The relationships among IPRs, innovation, ITT and local adaptation are complex and neither of the basic views described captures them well. Policy should be based on a more nuanced view. In that regard, to date there is little systematic evidence that patents and other IPRs restrict access to ESTs, which largely exist in sectors based on mature technologies in which there are numerous substitutes among global competitors. This situation may change as new technologies based on biotechnologies and synthetic fuels, which are likely to be more dependent on patent protection, become more prominent. At present, however, there is little evidence to support significant limitations on the issuance and use of IPRs in this area. In particular, it is unlikely that an international agreement on a compulsory licensing regime could achieve significant ITT benefits, while it may raise considerable costs. However, there may be scope for beneficial differentiation in patent rights, which is the primary subject of the report. Among these elements include ex ante extensions of patent terms tied to licensing commitments, expedited patent examinations in ESTs, investments in patent transparency and landscaping efforts, and facilitation of voluntary patent pools. The report argues that such changes are unlikely to achieve significant gains in innovation and ITT unless they are accompanied by broader policy approaches, including publicly financed fiscal supports for local technology needs and adaptation. Perhaps most important are finding means to raise the global costs of using carbon-based energy resources and improving the climate for investments in poor countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmfwjvc83vk-en
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Economic Prospects 2002 : Making Trade Work for the World's Poor (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821349961 , 9780821349960
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (282 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Economic Prospects
    Abstract: Realizing the promise of the new global initiatives to expand trade requires concerted effort to move development to center stage in trade policy formulation. This report is dedicated to that agenda. It begins with a review of global prospects and ways globalization links the fates of industrial and developing countries. The report then considers issues in four broad areas that are particularly important to developing countries: merchandise trade, services, transport, and intellectual property rights. A final chapter summarizes the forward-looking policy agenda, and assesses the potential impact of further global integration and more rapid growth for the standards of living in poor countries everywhere
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quantifying the impact of services liberalization in a developing country (2004)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3193
    Parallel Title: Konan, Denise Eby Quantifying the impact of services liberalization in a developing country
    Keywords: Free trade ; Service industries Privatization ; Service industries ; Free trade ; Service industries Privatization ; Service industries
    Note: "January 16, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on January 20, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Impacts of Intellectual Property-Related Preferential Trade Agreements on Bilateral Patent Applications (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Howard, Jacob The Impacts of Intellectual Property-Related Preferential Trade Agreements on Bilateral Patent Applications
    Keywords: Copyright Requirement ; Deep Trade Agreement ; Intellectual Property Rights ; International Law ; Law and Development ; Patent Application Research ; Preferential Trade Agreements ; Trade Governance ; Trade Regulations
    Abstract: Intellectual property rights have become a central emphasis in the negotiation of "deep" preferential trade agreements containing provisions on regulatory environments besides trade policy. These provisions typically require member countries to implement heightened standards on various aspects of intellectual property rights, such as coverage and enforcement, that go beyond the baseline requirements of international intellectual property rights agreements such as the World Tarde Organization's Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement. This study implements a structural gravity framework to investigate empirically the impacts of these agreements on bilateral international patenting, to quantify the effects of countries' membership in intellectual property-related preferential trade agreements on within-agreement patent applications at national patent offices, as well as extra-preferential trade agreement patenting at member country destinations originating from non-member countries. The study further explores the heterogeneity of these effects as originating from the attributes of the agreements, such as whether the major partner in the agreement is the United States or the European Union/European Free Trade Association, and the presence of key "Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights-Plus" provisions in the agreement texts. The findings suggest that intellectual property rights standards in preferential trade agreements tend to generate positive impacts on international patenting, and that the specific features of the agreements give rise to significant disparities in these impacts. Most intriguing is that those agreements involving multiple Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights-Plus norms significantly increase patenting within members compared to patenting from outside those areas, while other types of intellectual property rights encourage more patenting from non-members
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10320
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transfer of technology to developing countries : unilateral and multilateral policy options (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3332
    Parallel Title: Saggi, Kamal Transfer of technology to developing countries
    Keywords: Technology transfer ; Technology transfer
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Should core labor standards be imposed through international trade policy? (1997)
    Washington, DC : World Bank, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (83 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 1817
    Parallel Title: Maskus, Keith E Should core labor standards be imposed through international trade policy?
    Keywords: Commercial policy ; Economic sanctions ; International trade ; Labor Standards ; Manpower policy ; Commercial policy ; Economic sanctions ; International trade ; Labor Standards ; Manpower policy
    Note: "August 1997"--Cover , Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-76)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vertical price control and parallel imports : theory and evidence (2000)
    Washington, DC : World Bank, Development Research Group, Trade
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 2461
    Parallel Title: Maskus, Keith E Vertical price control and parallel imports
    Keywords: Gray market Econometric models ; Price regulation Econometric models ; Gray market Econometric models ; Price regulation Econometric models
    Abstract: Parallel imports are genuine products brought into a country without the authorization of the copyright, patent, or trademark owner. Countries vary considerably in their legal treatment of parallel imports, as determined by their choice of exhaustion doctrine. A new model analyzes parallel imports as a response to vertical pricing arrangements between a rights holder ("manufacturer") and a foreign distributor
    Note: "October 2000"--Cover , Title from title screen as viewed on Oct. 05, 2002 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Intellectual property rights, licensing, and innovation (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 2973
    Parallel Title: Maskus, Keith E Intellectual property rights, licensing, and innovation
    Keywords: Intellectual property ; License agreements ; Technological innovations ; Intellectual property ; License agreements ; Technological innovations
    Note: "February 14, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on February 15, 2003 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quantifying the impact of technical barriers to trade : a framework for analysis (2000)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank, Development Research Group, Trade
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 2512
    Parallel Title: Maskus, Keith E Quantifying the impact of technical barriers to trade
    Keywords: Foreign trade regulation Econometric models ; Non-tariff trade barriers Effect of Standards on ; Econometric models ; Foreign trade regulation Econometric models ; Non-tariff trade barriers Effect of Standards on ; Econometric models
    Note: "December 2000"--Cover , Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-50) , Title from title screen as viewed on Sept. 27, 2002 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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