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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tobacco Tax Reform at the Crossroads of Health and Development : A Multisectoral Perspective (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: There is a policy measure that can simultaneously save millions of lives, reduce poverty, and increase countries' domestic resources for financing development. The policy measure consists of increasing excise tax rates on tobacco in order to reduce its affordability and, as evidence shows, lower its consumption. Today, this powerful human development and poverty reduction measure remains largely underutilized, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This report provides decision support for policy makers on tobacco tax reform, as well as analytical and empirical tools for using tobacco excise taxes to save lives and increase government revenues. The report sets forth the public health, economic, and anti-poverty case for higher tobacco taxes; shows how some countries have already delivered ambitious reforms; and documents measurable results. It shows that, by implementing tobacco tax reforms now, policy makers can choose a fast road to healthier, more prosperous societies
    DOI: 10.1596/28494
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mozambique : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Mozambique ratified the W ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31949
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mental Health Among Displaced People and Refugees : Making the Case for Action at the World Bank Group (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The current crisis of forced displacement is posing serious humanitarian and development challenges across the world. The World Bank Group and the international community at large cannot ignore these challenges, given their scale and complexity. As documented in a recent World Bank report, about 65 million people - one percent of the world's population - live in forced displacement and extreme poverty. In contrast to economic migrants, who move in search of better opportunities, and to persons affected by natural disasters, the forcibly displaced are fleeing conflict and violence. Host countries often have limited resources even before taking in refugees. The refugee influx can quickly overwhelm existing capacities, including health, housing, educational, and social welfare systems and services. Inflows of displaced people can cause social and economic challenges and disruptions to host communities. However, refugees can also bring skills, expertise, and labor that can benefit communities in the longer term. The international community can act to reduce vulnerabilities among the forcibly displaced during a crisis and then help them rebuild their lives. Such action can also mitigate the impact of forced displacement on host communities and governments. This requires action to support economic activity, job creation, and social cohesion, as well as to strengthen and expand essential services. Finally as an effective response to the mental health needs of the displaced and refugees would require strengthening partnerships between the World Bank Group (WBG), World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and other international and national partners, such as Partners in Health (PIH) and International Medical Corps (IMC)
    DOI: 10.1596/25854
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vietnam : Overview of Tobacco Control Legislation, Use and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Policy Briefs
    Abstract: This country brief presents an overview of current tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation policy in Vietnam. Data and information were collected from different sources. The brief is intended to serve as the context for complementary assessments on different aspects of tobacco taxation in the country to be shared with government teams and other national and international stakeholders. Vietnam is a party of Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and its legislation contains several effective measures aimed to curb the tobacco epidemic. There is a growing consensus in the country about the need for the government to strengthen tobacco control to protect the population from health risks associated with tobacco use. However, the state-ownership of tobacco industry poses a major paradox within the government that benefits from the manufacturing of tobacco products and is also responsible for controlling tobacco consumption.The prevalence of smoking is high, especially among men. Although it was the highest in the world in the 1990, it has substantially declined since that period. However, over 35 percent of men are still regular cigarette smokers. While fewer than 2 percent of women smoke, women and children are exposed to high levels of second-hand smoke at home and in public places, and this exposure also harms and kills. It is estimated that 40,000 people are dying prematurely each year in Vietnam from tobacco-related diseases. In Vietnam, as in other countries across the world, smoking-related illnesses cost millions of dollars each year, both in terms of direct medical costs and productivity losses, imposing a heavy economic toll on households and governments
    DOI: 10.1596/31758
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
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    Online Resource
    The Value of Pharmacovigilance in Building Resilient Health Systems Post-COVID : Overview Report (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: China-World Bank Partnership Trust Fund (CWPF) ; COVID-19 Pandemic Response ; Emerging Disease Challenge ; Health Systems ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Korea-World Bank Partnership Facility (KWPF) ; National Health Surveillance System ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Pharmacovigilance ; Public Health Promotion ; Public Health Risk Response ; Public Health Surveillance ; Seasonal Epidemic Infection
    Abstract: Although indispensable for improving health outcomes, medicines and vaccines or their administration and use can produce adverse effects, requiring continuous vigilance to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks. Monitoring the safety of the use of marketed medicines and vaccines, also known as pharmacovigilance, should therefore become much more explicit in efforts to strengthen health systems and prepare for public health crises and normal times because the world is determined to build back better after the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this report is to examine the importance of pharmacovigilance in a health system both during a health crisis and in normal times, describe the function, structure, and processes of a functional pharmacovigilance system, and explain the value of drug safety monitoring in building resilience in health systems post-COVID-19 pandemic
    DOI: 10.1596/40205
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Why is the Safety of Medicines Important for Resilient Health Systems? : A Synthesis Report (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 Lessons ; Drug Safety ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Pharmacovigilance ; PV ; Resilient Health Systems ; Thalidomide Tragedy
    Abstract: This report discusses the importance of pharmacovigilance (PV) in contributing to building up resilient health systems. It is based on and summarizes the findings of a review of available literature on the topic and relevant case studies focusing on a set of country and regional experiences. Although indispensable in improving health outcomes, the administration and use of medicines may produce adverse reactions, requiring continuous monitoring to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks. PV, which involves the systematic detection, reporting, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), is an essential public health function, but it is often overlooked. The review suggests that successful PV programs are built on three essential pillars: statutory provisions that establish standards for PV centers and programs, well-trained health professionals and associated stakeholders, and engaged PV reporters using effective reporting systems. These pillars allow PV programs to be effective in three core activities: reporting adverse drug events (ADEs) and identifying signals, determining threats through a benefit-risk balance analysis, and taking appropriate actions. This is in addition to supporting various functions of a health system, such as national drug policy and regulation, the delivery of medical care, specific disease control programs, increasing the trust of the general public in the system, and promoting eco-PV. Aided by emerging opportunities for development through automation and machine learning, PV programs show immense potential to enhance the monitoring of patient safety and improve the use of medicines. The report offers policy considerations for countries and international partners in building PV capacity as an essential public function of a health system
    DOI: 10.1596/40247
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Ghana's Pharmacovigilance Experience : From Vertical Program Activity to Nationwide System (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2203
    Keywords: FDA ; Health Policy and Management ; Health Sector Funding ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pharmacovigilance ; Safety Monitoring
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to examine the development of pharmacovigilance (PV) in Ghana and illustrate the role it plays in the health system, and more recently, during the COVID-19 emergency response. It concludes by offering some relevant lessons for building PV capacity in other low-and middle-income countries
    DOI: 10.1596/40382
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Financing of Essential Public Health Services in the Caribbean Region : Case Study (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2203
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Expenditures ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Public Health
    Abstract: This study examines the expenditure by Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries on the delivery of Essential Public Health Services (EPHS), in the context of the global response to COVID-19. In particular, the study focuses on financing arrangements enacted to ensure the predictability of funding and the sustainability in the level and flow of funds over the medium and long terms to carry out essential public health functions in Barbados, Grenada, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. The study also highlights the close, synergistic relationship between the Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA) and its Member States
    DOI: 10.1596/40381
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cigarette Affordability in Indonesia : 2002 - 2017 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This study analyzes the recent evolution of cigarette affordability in Indonesia and weighs implications for the country's tobacco control policy
    DOI: 10.1596/30027
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tobacco Taxation in Turkey : An Overview of Policy Measures and Results (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Turkey's government increased tobacco tax revenue and lowered tobacco consumption by increasing tobacco tax rates significantly between 2003 and 2013. However, both per capita tobacco consumption and total cigarette sales in Turkey have begun to increase again in recent years. Although the recent rise in cigarette sales may be attributed to the influx of Syrian refugees into Turkey, the analysis reveals other factors. First, average cigarette price increased more slowly than inflation. Thus, cigarettes became relatively cheaper compared to other goods and services. Second, cigarette affordability has increased. Turkey's economy has grown steadily, and the demand for cigarettes has risen as the population has become wealthier over time. Turkey's experience in managing these challenges offers lessons for successful tobacco taxation. Turkey also provides a good example of the feasibility of increasing tobacco taxes, while combatting the illicit tobacco trade
    DOI: 10.1596/26387
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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