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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Democratic Republic of Congo : Product and Market Concentration and the Vulnerability to Exogenous Shocks (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bou-Habib, Chadi Democratic Republic of Congo : Product and Market Concentration and the Vulnerability to Exogenous Shocks
    Abstract: The high level of exports and their product and market concentration exposes the Democratic Republic of Congo to the economic fluctuations of the country's trade partners. This paper uses the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development trade data set to analyze the Democratic Republic of Congo's export patterns for the period 1960–2014. The data confirm that the country's exports remain highly concentrated. The product concentration on minerals is high and reaches exceptional levels. The geographic concentration is also high, while there is a shift in destinations. Hence, EU27, traditionally the main market destination for the Democratic Republic of Congo, lost its importance to China for most of the past decade. This trend continued to increase in the past few years from 2010 to 2013. The clear prevalence of commodity products within the Democratic Republic of Congo's exports and the higher exposure to the Chinese economic cycle are sources of vulnerability. The empirical analysis indicates that the country's exports appear to be significantly sensitive to foreign demand fluctuations. This exposure increases the volatility of the country's macroeconomic framework to exogenous shocks, with negative consequences on growth in gross domestic product and on external balances. The analysis concludes that increasing the Democratic Republic of Congo's resilience requires product and market diversification of exports. This diversification requires improvements in the investment climate and business environment, with emphasis on skills and infrastructure
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7700
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Fiscal Impact of Foreign Aid In Rwanda : A Theoretical And Empirical Analysis (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ezemenari, Kene The Fiscal Impact of Foreign Aid In Rwanda
    Keywords: Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Foreign direct investment ; Government revenue ; International Bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public investment ; Public investments ; Tax ; Tax rate ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Foreign direct investment ; Government revenue ; International Bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public investment ; Public investments ; Tax ; Tax rate ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Foreign direct investment ; Government revenue ; International Bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public investment ; Public investments ; Tax ; Tax rate
    Abstract: The inflow of large quantities of foreign aid into Rwanda since 1994 can have potential adverse effects such as aid dependency via a significant negative effect on tax efforts and on public investments. This paper carries out a theoretical and empirical study to examine these issues. The theoretical part develops a model in which the recipient government decides on the optimal level of tax and optimally allocates total government revenue between current expenditure and public investment. The theoretical model makes it possible to empirically test whether an increase in aid is likely to reduce the optimal tax rate and the proportion of public expenditure allocated to public investment. The econometric analysis uses time series data on Rwanda to show, in line with other studies in the literature, a negative relationship between increased aid and the tax rate; but the magnitude of the effects are extremely small. In the case of Rwanda, reforms to the tax administration and expansion of the tax base have had mitigating effects. As far as the effect on public investment, the overall effect was negative in the past; however, since 1995 the direction of this effect has changed
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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