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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Doing the Survey Two-Step : The Effects of Reticence on Estimates of Corruption in Two-Stage Survey Questions (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Karalashvili, Nona Doing the Survey Two-Step: The Effects of Reticence on Estimates of Corruption in Two-Stage Survey Questions
    Abstract: Education
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7276
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mapping the landscape of transactions : the governance of business relations in Latin America (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Global Indicators Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8564
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Francis, David C Mapping the Landscape of Transactions; The Governance of Business Relations in Latin America
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A new set of survey questions is used to map governance structures that firms employ to support the successful implementation of transactions. Responses to the questions were collected as part of the Enterprise Surveys in six South American countries. Without imposing any a priori model, latent class analysis (LCA) discovers meaningful patterns of governance structures that readily match constructs in the literature. All governance structures use bilateralism. Bilateralism and formal institutions are sometimes complements, but never substitutes. For each firm, LCA provides estimates of the posterior probability that the firm uses each of the discovered governance structures. These estimates can be used by researchers to go further, testing their own hypotheses relevant to Williamson's discriminating alignment agenda using additional data from the Enterprise Surveys or elsewhere. Variations in the effectiveness of different governance structures across countries and across different types of firms and transactions are explored. Regional variation within countries is greater than cross-country variation. Foreign-owned firms, exporters, larger firms, and better-managed ones are more likely to use governance structures that complement bilateralism with use of the legal system or with the help of paid third-parties
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8564
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Making it big : why developing countries need more large firms (2020)
    Washington : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464815577
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (pages cm)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Firms of different sizes play different roles in organized markets and societies. This report focuses on the particular role that larger firms - firms with 100 employees or more - play in this ecosystem. It shows that larger firms in developing countries have distinct features that set them apart from the rest. These features are closely associated with productivity advantages - their ability not only to lower costs of production through economies of scale and scope, but also to invest in quality and reach demand. These distinct features of large firms translate into improved outcomes for their owners as well as for workers and smaller enterprises in their value chains. The fundamental challenge for economic development, however, is that production often does not reach economic scale in low- and middle-income countries. What is missing are larger, more productive, and outward-oriented firms. The scarcity of larger firms raises the question of how they are created in lower income contexts, and where frictions lie in this process. This report shows that four types of sponsors are often behind large firms: foreign firms creating new affiliates; domestic sponsors having experience with other large firms; governments; and entrepreneurs. Growth paths of large firms also show that distinguishing features of large firms are often in place from the time they are established. Therefore, supporting small firms to grow large is one means for creating large firms, but not sufficient on its own. To fill the 'missing top', governments should support the creation of new large firms from different sources, improve market contestability, and address operational barriers that disproportionally affect larger firms. The challenge lies in balancing the desire for efficiency and welfare benefits of large firms, while avoiding the inefficiencies that result when large firms acquire monopoly power. For development finance institutions seeking to promote a dynamic and competitive private sector, taking a value chain perspective and partnering with larger firms in each indutry - both incumbent firms and new challengers - can benefit firms across the size spectrum--
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1557-7
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis : Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Karalashvili, Nona Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis: Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Cash Transfers ; Covid Relief Eligibility ; Covid Support Effectiveness ; COVID-19 ; Economic Assistance ; Economic Stabilization ; Export ; Government Support To Firms ; High-Frequency Data ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Covid Relief Effectiveness ; Resilience ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerability ; Wage Subsidies ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: This paper estimates the effectiveness of government support to the private sector during the COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador and Georgia using firm-level data collected before and during the pandemic. The two countries are selected because eligibility criteria for support involved pre-pandemic features of firms, as opposed to more prevalent criteria directly linked to firms' experiences during the pandemic and that greatly exacerbate concerns about selection bias in estimation. Four outcome variables are studied relating to firms' workforce, hours of operations, and expectations. Matching and panel estimation techniques are used on full and restricted samples, with the latter aimed at reducing selection bias. Government support appears to have helped firms avoid a reduction in operations in El Salvador, mainly through cash transfers, which also helped in terms of permanent workers, with the latter effect counteracted by wage subsidies. Smaller firms in Georgia appear to have benefited more from government support, mostly through fiscal relief, which was partially counteracted by wage subsidies that benefited larger firms more. The finding that smaller firms have benefited more helps raise confidence in the analysis as strong negative selection bias is expected in this context. Manufacturers of textiles and garments in El Salvador and hotels and restaurants in Georgia appear to have benefited from government support, but the patterns in other sectors are mixed and country-specific, highlighting potential complexities of attempting to target sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9980
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transactional Governance Structures : New Cross-Country Data and an Application to the Effect of Uncertainty (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (118 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Francis, David C Transactional Governance Structures: New Cross-Country Data and an Application to the Effect of Uncertainty
    Keywords: Bilateralism ; Financial Law ; Governance ; Law ; Law and Development ; Transaction Costs ; Transactions ; Uncertainty
    Abstract: To what extent are personal trust, mutual interests, and third parties important in enforcing agreements to trade How do firms combine these to form transactional governance structures This paper answers these questions in a whole-economy, cross-country setting that considers a full spectrum of transactional-governance strategies. The data collection requires a new survey question answerable in any context. The question is applied in six South American countries using representative samples, with the resultant survey weights facilitating a whole-economy analysis. Without imposing an a priori model, latent class analysis estimates meaningful governance structures. Bilateralism is always used. Law is never used alone. Bilateralism and formal institutions are rarely substitutes. Within country, inter-regional variation in governance is greater than inter-country variation. The usefulness of the data is shown by testing one element of Williamson's discriminating-alignment agenda: greater uncertainty in the transactional environment increases the involvement of third parties
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10118
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Understanding Informality : Comprehensive Business-Level Data and Descriptive Findings (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Aberra, Adam Understanding Informality: Comprehensive Business-Level Data and Descriptive Findings
    Keywords: Area-Based Adaptive Cluster Sampling ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Business-Level Data ; Enterprise Analysis ; Informal Sector Enterprise Surveys ; Informal Workersperformance ; Informality ; Labor and Employment Law ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Registered Business ; Tax Law ; Taxation
    Abstract: This paper introduces and provides a descriptive analysis of data from more than 15,000 detailed interviews of representative samples of informal businesses operating in 24 cities across seven countries, namely, India, Iraq, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Mozambique, Somalia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The paper is a companion paper to a study that presents the methodological underpinnings of the informal business data collection. It is an innovative application of area-based adaptive cluster sampling, rendering a representative sample of these businesses. The paper presents salient descriptive results of the data to motivate further research. The World Bank's Enterprise Analysis unit started collecting data from the informal sector using the adaptive cluster sampling method in 2017. The combined and standardized data show that informal businesses are small, young, mostly started out of necessity rather than as an opportunity for growth, largely detached from the rest of the economy, and with meager earnings. Few of the informal businesses have ever considered registering formally, with the majority perceiving no benefits from doing so
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10208
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring total factor productivity using the enterprise surveys : a methodological note (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Global Indicators Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9491
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Francis, David C Measuring Total Factor Productivity using the Enterprise Surveys: A Methodological Note
    Keywords: TFP ; Enterprise Surveys ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Total factor productivity is a key element of economic growth and an important performance metric for policy makers. This note describes the methodology for measuring firm-level total factor productivity using the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys cross-country data. It also presents some estimates recovered from the production function. Two versions of the production function are estimated: one Cobb-Douglas, the other a more flexible translog specification. Both estimations are at the two-digit industry level pooling all the Enterprise Surveys data across economies. Evidence is found against using a Cobb-Douglas specification, which is more parsimonious, and in favor of using the flexible translog specification. The resulting firm-level estimates are all published in the Enterprise Surveys database with a unique firm identifier to link to the rest of the Enterprise Surveys data; because the estimates are reliant on new data, they are updated periodically as new Enterprise Surveys data become available. The results show that: (i) median firms operate close to constant returns to scale; (ii) gross-output and value-added production functions provide similar ranking of sectors in terms of output elasticities, capital intensity, and returns to scale; (iii) there is large, firm-level heterogeneity in output elasticities; and (iv) gross-output-based total factor productivity measures are less dispersed than the value-added ones
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9491
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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