ISBN:
9781351688970
Sprache:
Englisch
Seiten:
1 Online-Ressource (391 pages)
Ausgabe:
2nd ed
Paralleltitel:
Print version Hopcroft, Rosemary L Sociology : A Biosocial Introduction
DDC:
301
Kurzfassung:
Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Photos -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Boxes -- Preface for Students and Teachers -- About the Author -- PART I: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY -- 1 WHAT DO SOCIOLOGISTS DO? -- The Scientific Method and Sociological Investigation -- The Role of Theory -- Theories and Beliefs -- Sociological Theories at Different Levels of Analysis -- Methods -- Conclusions and Generalization -- Positivism -- Pitfalls of Studying Ourselves -- The Postmodern Critique -- A Response to the Postmodernist Critique -- The Need for Comparative Research -- Reactivity -- Values and the Effects of Social Research -- Ethics and Social Research -- The Sociological Perspective -- Why Study Sociology? -- Organization of the Book -- References -- PART II: FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIOLOGY -- 2 BIOLOGY: ONE HUMAN NATURE -- Evolution of the Human Species -- Evolved Predispositions -- The Sociobiology Controversy -- Self-interested Behavior -- Reciprocal Altruism -- Kin-Based Altruism -- Gender Asymmetry in Parenting -- Implications of Gender Asymmetry: Sex Differences in Mate Choice and Family Roles -- Individual Differences -- Hormones and Behavior -- The Importance of the Situation -- Other Evolved Predispositions -- Religion and Magic -- Dislike of Out-Groups and Ethnocentrism -- Male Sexual Jealousy -- Violent Aggression in Males -- Deference Behavior -- Free Will and the Naturalistic Fallacy -- Cultures Can Exacerbate or Suppress the Effects of Evolved Predispositions -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 CULTURE: SOCIALIZATION, NORMS, AND ROLES -- Biological Bases of Cultural Learning -- Language Acquisition -- Social Interaction and the Development of the Self -- Development of the Self -- Roles -- Goffman: Performing Social Roles -- Mirror Neurons and Empathy -- Socialization -- Conclusion
Kurzfassung:
References -- 4 CULTURE AND SUBSISTENCE TECHNOLOGY -- The Importance of Subsistence Technology -- Hunting and Gathering Societies -- Horticultural Societies -- Agrarian Societies -- Ascribed versus Achieved Statuses -- Industrial and Postindustrial Societies -- Norms and Technology -- Culture -- Culture Shock -- Why Do Cultures Differ, Even among Societies That Are Technologically Similar? -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 SOCIAL GROUPS AND NET WORKS: KIN GROUPS, CLASSES, ORGANIZATIONS, STATUS GROUPS, POLITICAL GROUPS, AND SOCIAL NETWORK -- Families, Clans, and Tribes -- Classes and Companies -- Classes -- Companies -- Rise of Bureaucracy -- Status -- Party -- Social Networks -- Small World Syndrome -- Efficacy of Weak Ties and Structural Holes -- Density and Longevity -- Why Your Friends Are More Popular than You -- Social Groups and Networks -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 INSTITUTIONS: THE ARCHITECTURE OF SOCIETY -- Institutions as Systems of Rules and Associated Behavior Patterns -- Institutions and Norms -- GREEF: The Five Basic Institutions -- Hunters and Gatherers: !Kung of the Kalahari -- Horticulturalists: Dani of Western New Guinea -- Agrarian Society: Japan during the Edo Period -- Industrial Society: Contemporary United States -- Effects of Institutions -- Where Do Institutions Come from? -- History -- Power -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 DEMOGRAPHY -- Population Trends in History -- Improvements in Public Health -- Better Nutrition -- Advances in Health-Related Knowledge -- Fertility Decline -- The Demographic Transition -- Contemporary Demography -- The Rich and Poor World Divide -- Population Pyramids -- Implications of Demography for Society -- Age Structure -- Urbanization and Population Density -- Age and Sex Structure in Smaller Groups -- How Many People Can the World Bear? -- Immigration -- Demography and the Democratic Process
Kurzfassung:
Conclusion -- References -- PART III: TOPICS IN SOCIOLOGY -- 8 MICROSOCIOLOGY -- Social Effects on Individuals -- Milgram's Obedience Studies -- Asch's Conformity Studies -- Studies of Helping Behavior -- Conclusion -- How Individuals in Groups Create Social Effects -- Symbolic Interactionism -- Exchange Processes -- The Power-Dependence Principle -- The Prisoner's Dilemma -- Solutions to the Prisoner's Dilemma -- Trust and Reputation -- Status Processes -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 SOCIOLOGY OF THE FAMILY -- Preindustrial Marriage Patterns -- Bridewealth versus Dowry -- Rules of Descent and Marital Residence -- Control of Women's Sexuality -- Infibulation and Clitoridectomy -- Menstrual Taboos -- Sex and the Double Standard -- Families and Children -- Modernization and Change in Marriage Patterns -- The Divorce Revolution -- Modern Love -- Contemporary Marriage -- Same Sex Couples, Marriages, and Civil Unions -- The Contemporary Family in the United States -- Nonbiological Families -- Late-Life Families and Fertility -- Violence in the Family -- Child Abuse -- Conclusion -- References -- 10 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION -- Stratification in Preindustrial Societies -- The Caste System of India -- Stratification in an Advanced Industrial Society: The United States -- Income Inequality -- What Is the Median Income? -- How Many People Live in Poverty? -- Wealth Inequality -- Status Inequality in the United States -- Social Mobility -- Income and Wealth Inequality in Comparative Perspective -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 GLOBAL INEQUALITY -- The Nature of Global Inequality -- Rural Poverty -- Is Global Inequality Getting Better or Worse? -- Theories of Global Inequality -- Modernization Theory -- Dependency Theory -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 CONTEMPORARY GENDER INEQUALITY -- Comparative Gender Inequality
Kurzfassung:
What Causes Improvements in Women's Position in Society? -- Gender Inequality in the United States -- Why the Gender Difference in Income? -- Do Evolved Sex Differences Influence Work Behavior? -- Workplace Harassment -- Leadership Style -- Language Use -- Deference Behaviors -- How Does the United States Compare to Other Developed Societies? -- Conclusion -- References -- 13 RACE AND ETHNICITY -- The African Diaspora and the Emergence of Human Phenotypes -- Race -- Ethnicity -- Contemporary Race and Ethnic Relations throughout the World -- Racial and Ethnic Conflict -- Economic Divergence -- The Role of Immigration -- Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States -- Native Americans -- Early Contacts -- Indian Removal and the Trail of Tears (1838) -- Slavery and Race in North America -- History of Immigration and Immigration Law in the United States -- Japanese American Internment during World War II -- The 1965 Amendments -- Status of Race and Ethnic Groups in the United States Today -- Prejudice and Discrimination -- Us and Them -- Why Prejudice? -- Why Discrimination? -- Unconscious Bias -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION -- Religious Universals -- Churches, Sects, and Cults -- Religion in the World Today -- Why Is the United States So Religious in Comparison to Other Developed Societies? -- Sex Differences -- Why Do People Join a Religion? -- Religious Capital -- Social Networks -- Effects of Religion -- The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism -- Does Religion Make You Happier? -- Does Religion Make You Healthier? -- Religion and Violence -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 CRIME AND VIOLENCE -- Crime and Violence across Human Societies -- Which Societies Have the Most Crime? -- Who Is Most Likely to Commit Crime? -- The Young Male Syndrome -- What Keeps Young Men on the Straight and Narrow?
Kurzfassung:
Contemporary Patterns of Crime in the United States -- Why Has Crime Decreased Recently? -- How Does the United States Compare to Other Countries? -- Why Do People Commit Crime? -- Where You Live: Social Disorganization -- Who You Hang Out With -- What Do You Have to Lose? -- Conclusion -- References -- 16 BIOSOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH -- Effects of Both Genes and Environment on Health -- Diseases in Different Areas of the World -- Differences across Developed Countries -- Sex Differences in Death and Disease -- Race and Ethnic Differences in Death and Disease -- Sex Differences in Mental Health -- Social Status Influences Health -- Physical Health -- Mental Health -- Health Influences Social Status -- Height and Social Status -- Lack of Deformity, Disability, and Status -- Beauty and Status -- Conclusion -- References -- 17 ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY -- Economies from Simple to Complex -- The Salt and Spice Trades -- The Emergence of Complex Economies -- Institutional Creation of the Market -- The Soviet Experiment -- Contemporary Economies -- Differences between the United States and Europe -- Development of a Global Economy -- Organizations and Work -- In Which Organizations Are Coworkers Most Supportive? -- Organizational Ecology -- Women in Organizations -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 SOCIOLOGY OF THE ENVIRONMENT -- Current Environmental Concerns -- Climate Change -- Which Places Produce the Most CO[sub(2)]? -- Water Shortages -- Deforestation and Decline in Biodiversity -- The Tragedy of the Commons -- Possible Solutions to Climate Change -- What about Carbon Trading as a Solution to Climate Change Problems? -- Environmental Organizations as Public Goods -- Conclusion -- References -- 19 POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: HUMAN POLITIES THROUGHOUT HISTORY -- Politics in Preindustrial Societies -- Moore's Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
Kurzfassung:
Democracy in the World Today
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