ISBN:
1-78969-686-0
Language:
English
Pages:
1 online resource (140 pages)
Series Statement:
Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology ; Volume 100
Series Statement:
Cambridge monographs in African archaeology (Archaeopress) ;
DDC:
306.364
Keywords:
Hunting and gathering societies
;
Africa
Abstract:
Foragers were present in the Limpopo Valley (South Africa) before the arrival of farmers and not only witnessed but also participated in local systems leading to the appearance of a complex society. Despite numerous studies in the valley, forager involvement in socio-political developments has been, until now, largely ignored.
Description / Table of Contents:
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Information -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1: Interactions, frameworks and complexity -- Figure 1.1: The southern African region with key areas indicated as well as the middle Limpopo Valley. a, approximate area demarcating central southern Africa -- b, approximate area demarcating the Kalahari Desert -- 1, Dobe-Nyae Nyae area -- 2, Tsodilo Hills a -- Figure 1.2: Some examples of items possibly associated with trade and trade items themselves. From Dzombo Shelter: A, scrapers -- B, backed tools -- and E, worked bone tools -- from João Shelter: C, glass beads -- D, ostrich eggshell beads (complete) -- F, metal fr -- Chapter 2: Forager contexts in the middle Limpopo Valley -- Figure 2.1: The middle Limpopo Valley and the region's broader social landscape showing key sites and those mentioned in the text. -- Figure 2.2: The middle Limpopo Valley and sites mentioned in the text. The 600m contour and the approximate northern and southern edge of the sandstone belt is demarcated. B2, Balerno Shelter 2 -- B3, Balerno Shelter 3 -- BMS, Balerno Main Shelter -- DS, Dzombo -- Figure 2.3: A view of Balerno Main Shelter looking south (A -- ceiling is 6m high) and east across the inside of the shelter (B) (photographs courtesy of Iris Guillemard). -- Figure 2.4: Balerno Main Shelter's excavated trenches and site features (adapted from van Doornum 2005: 66). -- Figure 2.5: Southern wall profile of Squares O13 and P13 with chronology (adapted from van Doornum 2005: 67). -- Figure 2.6: Western wall profile of Squares P13 to P15 (adapted from van Doornum 2005: 68). -- Figure 2.7: Tshisiku Shelter's excavated trench and site features (adapted from van Doornum 2005: 53). -- Figure 2.8: South-east wall profile of Squares D2 and D3 with chronology (adapted from van Doornum 2005: 54).
Description / Table of Contents:
Figure 2.9: Balerno Shelter 2's excavated trench and site features (adapted from van Doornum 2005: 79). -- Figure 2.10: Balerno Shelter 3's excavated trenches and site features (adapted from van Doornum 2000: 16). -- Figure 2.11: North wall profile of the Squares H7 and G7 with chronology (adapted from van Doornum 2000: 19). -- Figure 2.12: Little Muck Shelter's excavated trenches and site features (adapted from Hall & -- Smith 2000: 24). -- Figure 2.13: South wall of Square L42 (adapted from Hall & -- Smith 2000: 35). -- Figure 2.14: A photograph (A) and redrawing (B) of the finger-painted artwork behind Dzombo Shelter. -- Figure 2.15: Dzombo Shelter's excavated trenches and site features. -- Figure 2.16: South wall profile of Squares D and E in Trench 1 (shelter trench). -- Figure 2.17: Mafunyane Shelter's excavated portion and site features. -- Figure 2.18: North wall profile of Square C with chronology. -- Figure 2.19: João Shelter's excavated trenches and site features (Trench 1, inside the shelter -- Trench 2, north-east grain bin foundation -- Trench 3, projecting from the shelter -- and Trench 4, south-east grain bin foundation and midden). -- Figure 2.20: West wall profile of Square B2 and the excavated portion of B1 in Trench 1 inside the shelter. -- Figure 2.21: Euphorbia Kop's excavated trenches and site features (adapted from Seiler 2016: 112). -- Figure 2.22: North wall profile of Square C (adapted from Seiler 2016: 115). -- Chapter 3: Continuities and discontinuities across the contact divide -- Figure 3.1: Hunting tool (backed tool and worked bone) and ostrich eggshell bead (complete and incomplete) densities at Balerno Main (data from van Doornum 2008). -- Figure 3.2: Artefact distribution at Tshisiku Shelter from its initial occupation, c. 5500 BC, until AD 1300 (phases indicated in the inset squares).
Description / Table of Contents:
Figure 3.3: Numeric data of Little Muck Shelter's scrapers per stratum (phases indicated in the inset squares). -- Figure 3.4: Scrapers with polish from Little Muck Shelter used possibly in wood-working or hide preparation activities (insert scale=1 mm). Polish types: greasy (A, G, I, K, N & -- O), dull (B, D, E, I, L, M, N & -- P), pitted (G, H, J, M & -- P), bright pitted (C -- Figure 3.5: Scrapers with edge damage from Little Muck Shelter (insert scale=1 mm). Damage types: edge damage (A-C & -- F-M), stepped flaking (E, G, J & -- K), post-depositional damage (D & -- I) and stress fractures (L) (from Forssman et al. 2018: 298). -- Figure 3.6: Rounding on scraper edges from Little Muck Shelter (insert scale=1 mm) (from Forssman et al. 2018: 295). -- Figure 3.7: The numeric and volumetric distribution of stone tools at Dzombo Shelter, with a trend line for artefact density. -- Figure 3.8: Alternating scraper and backed tool dominance at Dzombo Shelter. Numbers refer to numeric data for each tool type (+ denotes additional chronological phases: Phase 4 includes post-AD 1300 levels and Phase 1 includes lower undated levels). -- Figure 3.9: The proximity of Balerno Shelters 2 and 3. -- Figure 3.10: Mafunyane Shelter offers very little protection (A) and yet it has a considerable assemblage, rock art (B & -- C) and other rock markings (D). -- Chapter 4: Early socio-political change -- Figure 4.1: Examples of Zhizo ceramics from Schroda (from Forssman & -- Antonites in press). -- Figure 4.2: The distribution of the Zhizo facies, which includes Taukome, and some sites mentioned in the text: B, Bosutswe -- K, Kaitshàa -- MH, Mapela Hill -- PD, Pont Drift -- SC, Schroda -- TA, Taukome -- and TO, Toutswe (adapted from Huffman 2007: 143).
Description / Table of Contents:
Figure 4.3: Waterways in the Limpopo River basin connecting regions of Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Various prominent sites are also marked (note the location of Chibuene). The dark grey zone indicates the middle Limpopo Valley. -- Figure 4.4: The numeric (within the bars) and volumetric (y-axis) distribution of stone tools at Balerno Main Shelter. To the left of the bar is the stratigraphic data and the phases to the right. -- Figure 4.5: The vertical distribution density of finds from Mafunyane Shelter. -- Figure 4.6: Three metal samples were examined using XRF (A - C). In each image, the right photograph is a magnified portion of the sample. Note the cuprous green and red patination on each specimen (scale=1mm) (from Forssman 2016b: 15). -- Figure 4.7: Cupules (A) and grooves (B & -- C) found inside Mafunyane Shelter in proximity to the metal-working activities. Other grooves were found outside the shelter (see Figure 2.17) (from Forssman 2014a: 332). -- Figure 4.8: Formal tools from Dzombo Shelter: A, D, M & -- N, small end scraper -- B, incomplete segment -- C & -- L, small side scraper -- E, miscellaneous backed piece (MBP) -- F, medium end scraper -- G, broken small end scraper -- H, adze -- I, broken small side scrapers -- Chapter 5: Foragers during and after state formation -- Figure 5.1: The ceramic relationships in the middle Limpopo Valley. Also note ceramic facies discussed in previous chapters (adapted from Huffman 2015b: 72). -- Figure 5.2: Leokwe Hill and its broader context. Zones marked A to D are those excavated by Calabrese (2007). M3H and JC Hill are rain-control sites excavated by Schoeman (2009) (adapted from Calabrese 2007: 119). -- Figure 5.3: Huffman's (2001: 15-16) diagram demonstrating the Central Cattle Pattern (above) and the Zimbabwe culture (below) residential structures.
Description / Table of Contents:
Figure 5.4: A map of Mapungubwe showing the hilltop occupation and court location. Surrounding the site were various high-ranking members of the Mapungubwe state, possibly royalty (adapted from Eloff 1978: Figure 3 and Huffman 2000: 21). -- Figure 5.5: The spatial relationship between Dzombo and João Shelters and Mmamagwa. -- Figure 5.6: Re-drawings of two giraffe in Little Muck Shelter. -- Figure 5.7: Formal tools and a core from João Shelter: A, single platform core -- B, segmented backed bladelet -- C & -- D, broken segment -- E, broken backed bladelet -- F, small side scraper -- and G & -- H, segment (from Forssman 2016a: 151). -- Figure 5.8: Decorated and rimmed sherds from João Shelter. From the shelter: A & -- F, unknown -- and H, TK2 -- and from the homestead: B & -- E, unknown -- C-E, I, J, M & -- N, TK2 -- K & -- O, K2 or TK2 -- L & -- P, K2 -- and Q, Toutswe (from Forssman 2016a: 151). -- Figure 5.9: Formal tools from Euphorbia Kop from Trenches A (B-D) and C (A): A & -- D, end scraper -- and B & -- C, side scrapers. -- Figure 5.10: A selection of ceramics from Euphorbia Kop that are consistent with K2 and TK2 wares. -- Figure 5.11: Kambaku Camp's formal tools and cores: A, preliminary flaked core -- B, broken backed bladelet -- C, bladelet core and small end scraper -- D, segment -- and E, broken bladelet (from Forssman 2016a: 155). -- Chapter 6: Networks of Change in the valley and beyond -- Figure 6.1: Mankala gaming boards and grooves in front of Little Muck Shelter. -- List of Tables -- Chapter 2: Forager contexts in the middle Limpopo Valley -- Table 2.1: A comparison of the two primary climatic sources used in the valley, Tyson and Lindesay (1992) and J. Smith (2005) (from Forssman 2014: 36).
Description / Table of Contents:
Table 2.2: Site chronologies and stratigraphic units of the sites discussed in the text (light grey text indicates relative chronology).
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