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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: Agricultural policymakers in Africa increasingly face the need for policy options based on evidence-based analysis to promote agricultural transformation and to adapt to climate change. Furthermore, data and analytical tools to support informed agricultural policymaking are increasingly abundant thanks to investment in these areas, mostly from external sources. Still, the use of hard data and robust analyses linked to outcomes are still rare in most agricultural policymaking in the region. Today, ministries of agriculture (MoAs) are increasingly under pressure to show ministries of economy and finance (MoEFs) both the rationale behind spending and the impact of past spending, particularly net estimated impacts on forex and fiscal balances. Even so, at present most African governments are still under-spending on agricultural public goods such as research, extension, and infrastructure. The present paper focuses on what can be learned to improve outcomes from experiences promoting the increased use of evidence in agricultural policymaking
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Mozambique has a low average yield of raw cashew nut (RCN) of 3 kg/tree. The latest census of agriculture in 2015 estimated that 1.33 million households owned cashew trees. Another 30,000 households were involved post-harvest. One-half of RCN production sold was processed in 2015, up from 1/3 in 2008. A large share of cashew exports are raw nuts, mostly 'informal' (no tax). In 2017, national production was only two-thirds of 1972, when Mozambique was the world leader in cashew exports. An export tax was imposed on RCN exports in 2001, currently 18 percent of the F.O.B. price, to promote domestic processing. Key challenges for production include replacing aging trees with improved root-stock and stepped-up anti-fungal spraying. Industrial processing now comprises 15 factories employing 17,000 workers, 57 percent of whom are women. Main recommendations are: a multi-stakeholder Platform to periodically review cashew developments; smallholder participation in producer organizations; privatization of seedlings distribution and tree-spraying without subsidies; public and private commercial infrastructure (warehouses, transportation, access roads); accessible international market and technical information; using cashew shells to generate energy; using cashew apple to produce packaged fermented beverages; and a cross-Ministry push on food safety protocols for cashew
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Rural Development Assessment
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Food Security ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; Job Creation ; Labor Markets ; Maize ; Poultry ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This book focuses on entry points for creation of better jobs through agricultural value chains and lays out the policy implications, using cassava, cashew, and plantation forestry as examples. It is based on case studies carried out in 2018-2020 by the World Bank Jobs Group as part of the multi-stakeholder Let's Work Program in Mozambique. Let's Work is a global partnership encompassing over 25 private sector organizations, international financial institutions, multilateral development banks, and bilateral donors focused on supporting private sector-led job growth. The study documents opportunities for creating more and better jobs, often in formal employment, linked to the cassava, cashew and plantation forestry value chains. Cassava in Mozambique is currently a traditional subsistence food crop; cashew is a struggling traditional export crop; and plantation forestry is a relatively new sector. However, the study also argues that to realize these opportunities Mozambique requires proactive public policy and investments to overcome significant challenges such as: climate change; over-concentration in current export market destinations; and the unintended side effects of some public policies. The study is focused on promoting an enabling environment for private sector growth in these value chains. It aims to inform ongoing debates about how agriculture and improved natural resource management can contribute more to economic transformation in Mozambique
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural Research ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Smallholders
    Abstract: Agricultural firms in developing countries may decide to implement aggregation schemes, typically through contract farming arrangements (CFAs). The firms' rationale for engaging in aggregation is likely to be based on their own anticipated financial gains. But research shows that CFAs can also increase the welfare of their smallholder participants (independent growers). When growers benefit and the CFA terms are set by a firm's profit-maximizing decisions, the benefits deriving to growers can be seen as "jobs externalities" (i.e. labor income gains to third parties that are triggered by the firms' actions in expanding the CFAs). The existence of such gains also implies that the aggregation scheme is helping to address market coordination failures by facilitating increased agricultural commercialization. A full appraisal of the impact of CFAs should therefore integrate the analysis of the firms' and growers' costs and returns. In this study, we assess the costs and returns to firms and growers from the expansion of seven existing aggregation schemes in Mozambique, using simultaneously gathered data from the firms operating the CFAs, the corresponding CFA participant farmers, and comparable nonparticipant farmers. As far as we know, this is the first attempt at integrated analysis of the impact on firms and independent growers of the expansion of CFAs. Our approach combines impact evaluation and cost-benefit analysis techniques, and yields estimates both of the financial returns to firms and of the CFAs' full social returns (including the gains to the growers and to society at large). In most cases, we found that the growers gained more than the firms in the short term from the expansion of these schemes. In fact, growers' incomes increased (relative to the comparators) in most of the schemes we analyzed. However, only half the schemes generated profits for the firms themselves in the three year time window of this study. This poor short-term financial return to the aggregator firms may explain why CFAs have expanded less than would seem to be justified when the gains to growers are factored inches These findings might justify a public subsidy to catalyze the expansion of CFA schemes that are expected to be financially viable in the medium term. We estimated the subsidy amount that would be needed to raise the firms' private returns to the market cost of capital (a benchmark for financial viability from the firms' perspective). We found that the required subsidy was normally modest: it averaged less than 25 per cent of the firms' expenditures on supporting new growers. Overall, our results support the case for the selective use of public resources to catalyze an expansion of aggregator systems in Mozambique and similar economies, and thereby improve smallholder growers' welfare
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
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    In:  Livestock in a changing landscape ; Vol. 1: Drivers, consequences, and responses (2010), Seite 269-283 | year:2010 | pages:269-283
    ISBN: 159726671X
    Language: Undetermined
    Titel der Quelle: Livestock in a changing landscape ; Vol. 1: Drivers, consequences, and responses
    Publ. der Quelle: Washington, DC [u.a.] : Island Press, 2010
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2010), Seite 269-283
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2010
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:269-283
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Cassava is the principal starch in Mozambique, at 30 percent of calories. It can be stored unharvested up to 30 months, but fresh cassava lasts only 3 days once harvested. Most processing in Mozambique is artisanal, to eliminate cyanogenic glycosides in the 90 percent of production from pest resistant bitter varieties. Only 6 percent of production in 2011 was used commercially for non-food, two-thirds for feed and one-third for starch. Low levels of productivity for cassava compared to elsewhere and poor transportation are the main barriers to the development of a processing industry. Unit costs of production range from USD 0.09 to USD 0.30 U.S. cents per kg. Producers would need to achieve 15 tons/hectare to be commercially viable, compared to average yields between 5 and 9 tons/hectare in Mozambique. Actions recommended include: adoption of a "Master Plan "; time-limited subsidies for industrial High Quality Cassava Flour, ethanol, and starch; a network of service providers to operate in smallholder areas to deliver improved inputs and extension; promotion of farmers' associations for better access to service providers; research on pest control in sweet varieties; greater availability of global market intelligence; capacity-building for processing; and introduction of legal norms to prevent processors from polluting
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Mozambique had 60,000 hectares of large-scale commercial planted forest in 2009, supporting about 3,000 full-time-equivalent jobs. Very little growth in large-scale commercial planted area has occurred since 2009, unlike what would be required to meet predictions at the time of 1,000,000 hectares planted by 2030. Labor costs are three to four times lower in plantation forestry in Mozambique than in Brazil, South Africa, and Uganda. Yet, unit costs per cubic meter of eucalyptus timber produced in Mozambique are higher due to lower tree volume growth rates, skills gaps, and employee absenteeism up to 50 percent. Yet, deforestation and imports of high-end wood products are rekindling interest in plantation forestry, with recognition of the need for community involvement. Integration of smaller-scale forestry into community land use patterns is taking off. Recommended actions include: matching grants financed by public resources to leverage private investment and contract farming through community woodlots; empowerment of an independent third-party organization funded by companies to analyze, broker and communicate amongst relevant stakeholders; private sector mobile agroforestry schools for training in remote areas; community land-use plans developed with local stakeholders, delimiting different kinds of land and different rights; and strengthening of community-based organizations that deal with land
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: IX, 175 S , graph. Darst., Kt
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
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    In:  Image and reality in African interethnic relations (1981), Seite 31-50 | year:1981 | pages:31-50
    Language: Undetermined
    Titel der Quelle: Image and reality in African interethnic relations
    Publ. der Quelle: Williamsburg, Va : Dept. of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, 1981
    Angaben zur Quelle: (1981), Seite 31-50
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:1981
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:31-50
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