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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Services liberalization in preferential trade arrangements : the case of Kenya (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (135 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Balistreri, Edward J Services liberalization in preferential trade arrangements
    Keywords: Handelspräferenzen ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Kleine offene Volkswirtschaft ; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Kenia
    Abstract: Given the growing importance of commitments to foreign investors in services in regional trade agreements, it is important to develop applied general equilibrium models to assess the impacts of liberalization of barriers to multinational service providers. This paper develops a 55 sector applied general equilibrium model of Kenya with foreign direct investment and Dixit-Stiglitz productivity effects from additional varieties of imperfectly competitive goods or services, and uses the model to assess its regional and multilateral trade options, focusing on commitments to foreign investors in services. To assess the sensitivity of the results to parameter values, the model is executed 30,000 times, and results are reported as confidence intervals of the sample distributions. The analysis reveals that a 50 percent preferential reduction in the ad valorem equivalents of barriers in all business services by Kenya with its African partners would be somewhat beneficial for Kenya. If a preferential agreement with African partners is combined with an agreement with the European Union, the gains would more than triple the gains of an Africa only agreement. Multilateral reduction of services barriers, however, would yield gains about 12 times the gains of an agreement with the Africa region alone. These results suggest that preferential liberalization in the region is a valuable first step, but wider liberalization, with larger partners and liberal rules of origin or multilaterally, will yield much larger gains due to providing access to a much wider set of services providers. The largest gains would come from domestic regulatory reform in services, as this would almost triple the gains of multilateral liberalization
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5552
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Poverty and Shared Prosperity Implications of Deep Integration in Eastern and Southern Africa (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Balistreri, Edward J Poverty and Shared Prosperity Implications of Deep Integration in Eastern and Southern Africa
    Abstract: Evidence indicates that trade costs are a much more substantial barrier to trade than tariffs are, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper decomposes trade costs into: (i) trade facilitation, (ii) non-tariff barriers, and (iii) the costs of business services. The paper assesses the poverty and shared prosperity impacts of deep integration to reduce these three types of trade costs in: (i) the East African Customs Union-Common Market of East and Southern Africa-South African Development Community "Tripartite" Free Trade Area; (ii) within the East African Customs Union; and (iii) unilaterally by the East African Customs Union. The analysis employs an innovative, multi-region computable general equilibrium model to estimate the changes in the macroeconomic variables that impact poverty and shared prosperity. The model estimates are used in the Global Income Distribution Dynamics microsimulation model to obtain assessments of the changes in the poverty headcount and shared prosperity for each of the simulations for the six African regions or countries. The paper finds that these reforms are pro-poor. There are significant reductions in the poverty headcount and the percentage of the population living in poverty for all six of the African regions from deep integration in the Tripartite Free Trade Area or comparable unilateral reforms by the East African Customs Union. Further, the incomes of the bottom 40 percent of the populations noticeably increase in all countries or regions that are engaged in the trade reforms. The reason for the poor share in prosperity is the fact that the reforms increase unskilled wages faster than the rewards of other factors of production, as the reforms tend to favor agriculture. Despite the uniform increases in income for the poorest 40 percent, there are some cases where the share of income captured by the poorest 40 percent of the population decreases. The estimated gains vary considerably across countries and reforms. Thus, countries would have an interest in negotiating for different reforms in different agreements
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7660
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Modeling Services Liberalization : The Case Of Kenya (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Balistreri, Edward J Modeling Services Liberalization
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Kleine offene Volkswirtschaft ; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht ; CGE-Modell ; Kenia ; Air ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Elasticity ; Externalities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rail ; Road ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation costs ; Transportation network ; Transportation services ; Air ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Elasticity ; Externalities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rail ; Road ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation costs ; Transportation network ; Transportation services ; Air ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Elasticity ; Externalities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rail ; Road ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation costs ; Transportation network ; Transportation services
    Abstract: This paper employs a 55 sector small open economy computable general equilibrium model of the Kenyan economy to assess the impact of the liberalization of regulatory barriers against foreign and domestic business service providers in Kenya. The model incorporates productivity effects in both goods and services markets endogenously, through a Dixit-Stiglitz framework. It estimates the ad valorem equivalent of barriers to foreign direct investment based on detailed questionnaires completed by specialists in Kenya. The authors estimate that Kenya will gain about 11 percent of the value of Kenyan consumption in the medium run (or about 10 percent of gross domestic product) from a full reform package that also includes uniform tariffs. The estimated gains increase to 77 percent of consumption in the long-run steady-state model, where the impact on the accumulation of capital from an improvement in the productivity of capital is taken into account. Decomposition exercises reveal that the largest gains to Kenya will derive from liberalization of costly regulatory barriers that are non-discriminatory in their impacts between Kenyan and multinational service providers
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Reducing Trade Costs in East Africa : Deep Regional Integration and Multilateral Action (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (114 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Balistreri, Edward J Reducing Trade Costs in East Africa
    Keywords: Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Nichttarifäre Handelshemmnisse ; Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Freihandel ; Zollunion ; Ostafrika
    Abstract: There is substantial evidence that with the progressive global decline in tariffs over several decades, trade costs are a more significant barrier to trade than tariffs, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper decomposes trade costs into three categories: costs that can be lowered by trade facilitation, nontariff barriers, and the costs of business services. The paper develops a 10-region, 18-sector, global trade model that includes Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Rwanda of the East African Customs Union. The analysis finds that deep integration in the East African Customs Union that lowers these trade costs results in significant gains for the four countries, especially from improved trade facilitation. Extending the lowering of nontariff barriers and services liberalization multilaterally would increase the gains between two and seven times, depending on the country. that the analysis also finds that reducing nondiscriminatory services barriers in Kenya and Tanzania would increase welfare even more than multilateral reduction of discriminatory services barriers. The paper is innovative both conceptually and empirically. It contains foreign direct investment in services and is the first paper to numerically assess liberalization of barriers against domestic and multinational service providers in a multi-sector, multi-region, applied general equilibrium model. The paper uses new databases of the ad valorem equivalents of barriers in services and the time in trade costs. Both databases are shown to be important to the results
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Comparison of deep regional integration in the Melitz, Krugman and Armington models : the case of The Philippines in RCEP (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8587
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Balistreri, Edward J Comparison of Deep Regional Integration in the Melitz, Krugman and Armington Models: The Case of the Philippines in RCEP
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper estimates the impacts on The Philippines of deep integration in a modern mega-preferential trade agreement, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. The paper assesses how the results differ with three versions of market structure: (i) perfect competition, Armington style; (ii) monopolistic competition Krugman style; and heterogeneous firms, Melitz style. The paper develops a new numerical model of foreign direct investment with heterogeneous firms where firms produce in the host country and demand corresponds to the "proximity burden," and is the first to apply a heterogeneous-firms model of foreign direct investment to preferential trade analysis. It also develops an extension of the Krugman model that allows small countries to impact the number of varieties. Both of these model extensions, as well as market structure, are crucial to the results. The trade and foreign direct investment responses are held constant across the three market structures. Lowering trade costs is examined from: (i) the reducing non-tariff barriers in goods; (ii) lowering barriers against foreign services providers, from foreign direct investment and cross-border; and (ii) facilitating trade. The results show that in all three market structures, there are substantial gains from deep integration, but virtually no gains from preferential tariff reduction. Both Krugman and Melitz style models produce significantly larger welfare gains than the Armington structure, especially in the impacts of foreign direct investment or with wider spillover effects on non- Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership regions. The relationship between the welfare gains in the Krugman versus Melitz models is complex
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8587
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Comparison of welfare gains in the Armington, Krugman and Melitz models : insights from a structural gravity approach (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8570
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Balistreri, Edward J Comparison of Welfare Gains in the Armington, Krugman and Melitz Models: Insights from a Structural Gravity Approach
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: How large are the estimated gains from trade from a reduction in trade costs in the heterogeneous firms Melitz (M) model compared with the Armington (A) and Krugman (K) models? Surprisingly little is known beyond the one-sector model. This paper analyzes this question using a global trade model that contains ten regions and various numbers of sectors (1-10). Following Arkolakis and others (2012), the analysis holds the local trade response constant across the model comparisons based on a structural gravity estimate. Various model features and scenarios are introduced that are important to real economies, almost none of which has been examined across the three market structures with a constant trade response. In response to global reductions in iceberg trade costs, in all the multi-sector models, the ranking of global welfare gains is Melitz 〈 Krugman 〈 Armington; and the Krugman model captures between 75 and 95 percent on the additional gains above the Armington model that are estimated by the Melitz model. However, for individual regions, there are numerous cases of reversed welfare rankings. id est, Melitz 〈 Krugman 〈 Armington. For unilateral increases in tariffs, welfare gains are typically estimated with the Armington model, but welfare losses with monopolistic competition models. The paper constructs a multi-sector Feenstra ratio for the Dixit-Stiglitz variety externality and calculates changes in the terms-of-trade. These parameters provide economically intuitive explanations of the general pattern of results and exceptions. The paper concludes that gains from the reduction of trade costs for the world are: Melitz 〉 Krugman 〉 Armington. For individual regions, however, the welfare ranking of the Armington, Krugman and Melitz market structures is model, data, parameter and scenario dependent. The results highlight the need for data and structural considerations in policy analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8570
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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