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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1522
    Keywords: Gesundheitswesen ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Arzneimittel ; Gesundheitskosten ; Tschechien ; Economics ; Czech Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Czech health care system is doing well in terms of health outcomes compared to other Central East European economies that inherited similar health systems after the transition and has been converging to OECD averages. However, benchmarking the Czech health system to countries with comparable institutional setting points to potential for efficiency gains. This paper assesses the performance and emerging key challenges of the Czech health system, and provides recommendations to adapt the system to remain effective and financially sustainable in the context of an ageing society. Further, the contribution of various disincentives in the system on the supply and the demand side of health care are discussed. This Working Paper relates to the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Czech Republic. (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-czech-republic.htm).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1450
    Keywords: Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Handelsabkommen ; Infrastruktur ; Südafrika ; SADC-Staaten ; Economics ; South Africa ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Deepening regional integration within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) will raise potential growth for all member countries. Integrated economies will increase market size, trade opportunities and improve resource allocation across member countries. Key pillars of functioning regional integration are the free circulation of goods and services, mobility of workers and interconnected infrastructure. To boost regional integration, remaining tariff barriers and non-tariffs barriers should be removed. Ensuring greater compliance to agreements by SADC members will also facilitate intra-regional trade and cross-investments. More co-operation between competition authorities should facilitate harmonisation of competition rules in particular in services and transport-related services which would ease circulation of good and services. The other key pillars of regional integration (industrial policy, infrastructure, investment, financial integration and tax) are also reviewed.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1133
    Keywords: Rentenfinanzierung ; Umlageverfahren ; Rentenreform ; OECD-Staaten ; Indonesien ; BRICS-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Demographic developments are unfavourable for the financing of pension schemes in most OECD countries, implying continued growth in pension expenditure in virtually all OECD countries. This paper examines the vulnerability of pension systems, with an emphasis on financial sustainability and adequacy. Policy trade-offs and complementarities are reviewed and flanking policies which could underpin successful pension reforms are examined. Automatic adjustment mechanisms are highlighted, as are the roles of prudential regulation and buffer or reserve funds in the case of shocks. Pension system vulnerability indicators are presented for all OECD countries, and the challenges and vulnerabilities of pensions systems in the BRIICS countries are reviewed.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1657
    Keywords: Economics ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: This paper presents a simulation framework developed to assess the impact of ageing on the financial sustainability of the Czech pension system. It accompanies the publication OECD Reviews of Pension Systems: Czech Republic. The framework has two components: a macroeconomic model to project long-term GDP and a cohort model to simulate the evolution of pensions. The macroeconomic model takes into account the evolution of the labour force and productivity. The cohort model simulates the career of a representative sample of the working-age population and their path in retirement. It replicates and projects the main features of the labour market, in particular, participation, wage and unemployment. It captures non-linear features of the pension system and distributional effects. The model estimates and simulates the main demographic variables of the pension system, in particular, the number of old-age pensioners and disability pensioners. It allows to simulate different policy options to close the financing gap of the pension system. Pension spending is projected to increase to 11.9% of GDP in 2060 from 8.2% in 2018, leading to increasing deficits of the pension system. Among the different options to close the financing gap, further increasing the retirement age after 2030 in line with life expectancy gains appears to be the most efficient policy measure to boost growth and reduce the financing needs. However, additional measures would be needed to close the financing gap of the pension system.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1228
    Keywords: Öffentliche Schulden ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: There is no single “best” indicator for analysing general government debt. This paper examines the various issues in defining and measuring debt, and explores other data which could be useful, both within and beyond the general government debt concept, to better track and analyse fiscal risks and sustainability issues. Measures from the broadest view of debt – gross financial liabilities – to the most comprehensive accounting of asset and liability positions – net worth – are all helpful metrics. So, too, are narrower data on specific issues, such as future pension liabilities, government guarantees and debt composition. Better data reporting, including more complete metadata and broader data collection, are needed to allow for an arsenal of comparable debt concepts to better anticipate future fiscal pressures.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1362
    Keywords: Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Tschechien ; Economics ; Czech Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Over the past two decades, the income level of the Czech Republic has converged considerably towards the OECD average. However, after the 2008 global crisis, the convergence process stalled. Shortfalls in labour productivity have developed and are mainly structural. Policies are needed to foster domestic sources of productivity growth. Better targeting of government R&D support and more focused innovation policies that would be aided by a streamlining of policy institutions and interventions are necessary. In particular, tailored policies to increase knowledge-based capital (skills, management capacity, collaboration, etc.) are necessary to increase Czech firms’ productivity. Also, resource reallocation should be facilitated by reforming framework conditions. In particular, bankruptcy rules, competition and regulation policies, access to finance and SME taxation need to be improved to boost SMEs' growth and productivity.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1130
    Keywords: 2000 - 2013 ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Vergleich ; Finanzkrise ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The recent economic crisis has provided a stress test for the vulnerability of social institutions. This paper assesses the vulnerability of social institutions in light of the current crisis, and surveys past episodes, when social institutions faced similar challenges. Public pay-as-you-go pension systems have generally weathered the crisis well, but private pension funds were severely affected by the financial crisis. While health care spending drifted up further in the early part of the crisis, it levelled off in 2010 and 2011, on average in the OECD, for an unprecedented two years with no spending growth. But, in countries hard hit by the crisis public outlays on health care declined considerably. Unemployment insurance expenditure increased during the crisis in most OECD countries. In some countries, spending rose considerably more than the number of unemployed, reflecting an extension or more generous benefits, while in others the increase was considerably smaller, pointing to adequacy problems of those unemployment insurance schemes. Five country case studies focusing on how social institutions absorbed shocks in the more distant past are also examined and lessons are drawn from these experiences.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1134
    Keywords: Alternde Bevölkerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Umlageverfahren ; Modellierung ; Simulation ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a framework for comparing a defined benefit (DB) and a defined contribution (DC) point schemes, which are both pay-as-you go (PAYG) financed. Two stylised PAYG pension schemes are modelled and simulated to compare their robustness to shocks. The same demographic developments (distribution of workers by age and revenue and distribution of survival rate by age) are applied to the two schemes. The impacts of different shocks (productivity, migration and longevity) on the two schemes are compared. Different policy reforms (increasing the contribution rate, diminishing the pension benefit, changing the up-rating and increasing the retirement age) to cope with the ageing shock are analysed and compared.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1229
    Keywords: 1985 - 2013 ; Öffentliche Schulden ; Finanzpolitik ; Schuldenmanagement ; Nachhaltigkeit ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The recent euro area sovereign debt crisis has shown the importance of market reactions for the sustainability of debt. The objective of this paper is to calculate endogenous government debt limits given the markets assessment of the probability to default. The estimated primary balance reaction function to growing debt has the “fiscal fatigue” property (a loosening fiscal effort makes the primary balance insufficient to support rising debt) at high debt levels. It is the combination of this feature of the primary balance reaction function with the market interest rate reaction to growing debt that determines the government debt limit beyond which debt cannot be rolled over. An application of this framework to OECD countries over the period 1985 – 2013 shows that current debt limits are high for most of the OECD thanks to particularly low current interest rates. It shows also for some countries that current debt levels are not sustainable without a change in government behaviour as compared to the past. Most importantly, the framework illustrates the state contingent nature of debt limits and therefore the vulnerability of governments to a change in macroeconomic conditions and to market reactions.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1363
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Sektor ; Wirtschaftlichkeit ; Tschechien ; Governance ; Economics ; Czech Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Spending on public administration itself is relatively low and so are indicators of its performance. Challenges include wastage in public procurement, insufficient management of the investment cycle and high levels of staff turnover. This paper considers ways of building on recent reforms, including better procedures for EU-financed projects and the new Civil Service Act, to raise the efficiency and effectiveness of the public sector. Performance monitoring is underused but could help drive improvements in service delivery. The structure of local government, which includes over 6 200 municipalities, exacerbates the challenges of the public administration by complicating co-ordination and stretching capacity. Accordingly, the second part of the paper focuses on ways of improving the efficiency and quality of public service delivery and realising greater benefits from decentralisation.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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