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  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (20)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Water Allocation Strategies For The Kat Basin In South Africa : Comparing Negotiation Tools And Game Theory Models (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dinar, Ariel Water Allocation Strategies For The Kat Basin In South Africa
    Keywords: Catchment ; Catchment Management ; Catchments ; Domestic Water Consumption ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Flow ; Groundwater ; Industry ; Irrigation ; Lead ; Meters ; Natural Resources ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Storage Capacity ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water Use ; Water and Industry ; Catchment ; Catchment Management ; Catchments ; Domestic Water Consumption ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Flow ; Groundwater ; Industry ; Irrigation ; Lead ; Meters ; Natural Resources ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Storage Capacity ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water Use ; Water and Industry ; Catchment ; Catchment Management ; Catchments ; Domestic Water Consumption ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Flow ; Groundwater ; Industry ; Irrigation ; Lead ; Meters ; Natural Resources ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Storage Capacity ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water Use ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: Governments and developing agencies promote participatory approaches in solving common pool resource problems, such as in the water sector. Two main participatory approaches have been applied separately, namely negotiation and mediation. In this paper the authors apply the Role-Playing Game that is a component of the Companion Modeling approach, a negotiation procedure, and the Cooperative Game Theory (Shapley value and the Nucleolus solution concepts) that can be mirrored as a mediated mechanism to a water allocation problem in the Kat watershed in South Africa. While the absolute results of the two approaches differ, the negotiation and the cooperative game theory provide similar shares of the benefit allocated to the players from various cooperative arrangements. By evaluating the two approaches, the authors provide useful tips for future extension for both the Role-Playing Games and the Cooperative Game Theory applications
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Factors Affecting Levels of International Cooperation In Carbon Abatement Projects (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dinar, Ariel Factors Affecting Levels of International Cooperation In Carbon Abatement Projects
    Keywords: Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development ; Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development ; Abatement ; C ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Clean development mechanism ; Climate change ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emerging Markets ; Emission reductions ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Sustainable development
    Abstract: The Clean Development Mechanism, a provision of The Kyoto Protocol, allows countries that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to gain credit toward their treaty obligations by investing in projects located in developing (host) countries. Such projects are expected to benefit both parties by providing low-cost abatement opportunities for the investor-country, while facilitating capital and technology flows to the host country. This paper analyzes the Clean Development Mechanism market, emphasizing the cooperation aspects between host and investor countries. The analysis uses a dichotomous (yes/no) variable and three continuous variants to measure the level of cooperation, namely the number of joint projects, the volume of carbon dioxide abatement, and the volume of investment in the projects. The results suggest that economic development, institutional development, the energy structure of the economies, the level of country vulnerability to various climate change effects, and the state of international relations between the host and investor countries are good predictors of the level of cooperation in Clean Development Mechanism projects. The main policy conclusions include the importance of simplifying the project regulation/clearance cycle; improving the governance structure host and investor countries; and strengthening trade or other long-term economic activities that engage the countries
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economy-Wide Implications of Direct and Indirect Policy Interventions in the Water Sector : Lessons from Recent Work and Future Research Needs (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (71 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ariel Dinar Economy-Wide Implications of Direct and Indirect Policy Interventions in the Water Sector
    Abstract: Water is increasingly becoming a limiting factor for sustainable economic growth and development in many countries. Its allocation has significant impacts on overall economic efficiency, particularly with growing physical scarcity in certain regions. Greater water supply variability further increases vulnerability in affected regions. Water also has become a strategic resource involving conflicts among those who may be affected differently by various policies. This paper analyzes various policy interventions aimed at improving water allocation decisions, using a novel approach that incorporates macro and micro level considerations in a unified analytical framework. The framework facilitates assessment of various linkages among policies and their impacts within individual sectors and economy-wide. Drawing on country based studies in Morocco, South Africa, Turkey, and Mexico, the analysis reveals difficult tradeoffs among various policy objectives, including priorities placed on different sectors, regional advantages, and general economic efficiency gains versus broader social impacts. The comparison of policy impacts demonstrates the usefulness of the framework in information that policy makers can use to rank the policy interventions according to the emphasis placed on different policy objectives. The paper also compares approaches used in other studies that apply computable general equilibrium models in various contexts of water, environment and agriculture
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6068
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues : 3. Application To Water Resources (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Parrachino, Irene Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues
    Keywords: Cost Recovery ; Cost Sharing ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Cost ; Municipalities ; Public Works ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water ; Urban Water Supply ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Consumption ; Water Infrastructure ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Cost Recovery ; Cost Sharing ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Cost ; Municipalities ; Public Works ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water ; Urban Water Supply ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Consumption ; Water Infrastructure ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Cost Recovery ; Cost Sharing ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Cost ; Municipalities ; Public Works ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water ; Urban Water Supply ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Consumption ; Water Infrastructure ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: This paper reviews various applications of cooperative game theory (CGT) to issues of water resources. With an increase in the competition over various water resources, the incidents of disputes have been in the center of allocation agreements. The paper reviews the cases of various water uses, such as multi-objective water projects, irrigation, groundwater, hydropower, urban water supply, wastewater, and transboundary water disputes. In addition to providing examples of cooperative solutions to allocation problems, the conclusion from this review suggests that cooperation over scarce water resources is possible under a variety of physical conditions and institutional arrangements. In particular, the various approaches for cost sharing and for allocation of physical water infrastructure and flow can serve as a basis for stable and efficient agreement, such that long-term investments in water projects are profitable and sustainable. The latter point is especially important, given recent developments in water policy in various countries and regional institutions such as the European Union (Water Framework Directive), calling for full cost recovery of investments and operation and maintenance in water projects. The CGT approaches discussed and demonstrated in this paper can provide a solid basis for finding possible and stable cost-sharing arrangements
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues : 2. Application To Natural And Environmental Resources (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (83 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zara, Stefano Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues
    Keywords: Acid Rain ; Agriculture ; Biological Models ; Common Property Resource Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forest Management ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oceans ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Acid Rain ; Agriculture ; Biological Models ; Common Property Resource Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forest Management ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oceans ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Acid Rain ; Agriculture ; Biological Models ; Common Property Resource Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forest Management ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oceans ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources
    Abstract: This paper provides a review of various applications of cooperative game theory (CGT) to issues of natural and environmental resources. With an increase in the level of competition over environmental and natural resources, the incidents of disputes have been at the center of allocation agreements. The paper reviews the cases of common pool resources such as fisheries and forests, and cases of environmental pollution such as acid rain, flow, and stock pollution. In addition to providing examples of cooperative solutions to allocation problems, the conclusion from this review suggests that cooperation over scarce environmental and natural resources is possible under a variety of physical conditions and institutional arrangements. CGT applications to international fishery disputes are especially useful in that they have been making headway in policy-related agreements among states and regions of the world. Forest applications are more local in nature, but of great relevance in solving disputes among communities and various levels of governments
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Institutional Economics of Water : A Cross-Country Analysis of Institutions and Performance (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821356569 , 9780821356562
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (256 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.] World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Institutional Economics of Water evaluates water institutional reform and water sector performance from an institutional economics and political economy perspective. Against an exhaustive review of the theoretical and empirical literature on institution and performance both in general and in water sector contexts, the title develops an alternative methodology built on: 'institutional ecology' principle, 'institutional decomposition and analysis' framework, and 'subjective theory' of institutional change. Empirical application of this methodology with information collected from 127 water experts from 43 countries/regions and a cross-country review of recent water sector reforms within an institutional transaction cost framework enables the book to conclude with significant implications for both theory and policy in the realm of water sector reform in particular and institutional reforms in general. 'We are both impressed by the book. It will merit prominent publication as a far-reaching application of innovative methodologies to an important, and well explained, worldwide policy problem.' - Randall Calvert, Washington University, St. Louis, US and Thrainn Eggertsson, University of Iceland '[The] literature review . . . is one of the best and most comprehensive that I have seen.' - Daniel W. Bromley, University of Wisconsin, US
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Can China Continue Feeding Itself ? : The Impact of Climate Change On Agriculture (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Jinxia Can China Continue Feeding Itself ?
    Keywords: Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature ; Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature ; Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature
    Abstract: Several studies addressing the supply and demand for food in China suggest that the nation can largely meet its needs in the coming decades. However, these studies do not consider the effects of climate change. This paper examines whether near future expected changes in climate are likely to alter this picture. The authors analyze the effect of temperature and precipitation on net crop revenues using a cross section consisting of both rainfed and irrigated farms. Based on survey data from 8,405 households across 28 provinces, the results of the Ricardian analysis demonstrate that global warming is likely to be harmful to China but the impacts are likely to be very different in each region. The mid latitude region of China may benefit from warming but the southern and northern regions are likely to be damaged by warming. More precipitation is beneficial to Chinese farmers except in the wet southeast. Irrigated and rainfed farmers have similar responses to precipitation but not to temperature. Warmer temperatures may benefit irrigated farms but they are likely to harm rainfed farms. Finally, seasonal effects vary and are offsetting. Although we were able to measure the direct effect of precipitation and temperature, we could not capture the effects of change in water flow which will be very important in China. Can China continue feeding itself if climate changes? Based on the empirical results, the likely gains realized by some farmers will nearly offset the losses that will occur to other farmers in China. If future climate scenarios lead to significant reductions in water, there may be large damages not addressed in this study
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Differential Adaptation Strategies By Agro-Ecological Zones In African Livestock Management (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, S. Niggol Differential Adaptation Strategies By Agro-Ecological Zones In African Livestock Management
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: This paper examines how farmers have adapted their livestock operation to the current climate in each agro-ecological zone in Africa. The authors examine how climate has affected the farmer's choice to raise livestock or not and the choice of animal species. To measure adaptation, the analysis regresses the farmer's choice on climate, soil, water flow, and socio-economic variables. The findings show that climate does in fact affect the farmer's decision about whether to raise livestock and the species. The paper also simulates how future climates may alter these decisions using forecasts from climate models and the estimated model. With a hot dry scenario, livestock ownership will increase slightly across all of Africa, but especially in West Africa and high elevation agro-ecological zones. Dairy cattle will decrease in semi-arid regions, sheep will increase in the lowlands, and chickens will increase at high elevations. With a mild and wet scenario, however, livestock adoption will fall dramatically in lowland and high latitude moist agro-ecological zones. Beef cattle will increase and sheep will fall in dry zones, dairy cattle will fall precipitously and goats will rise in moist zones, and chickens will increase at high elevations but fall at mid elevations. Livestock adaptations depend on the climate scenario and will vary across the landscape. Agro-ecological zones are a useful way to capture how these changes differ from place to place
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Accessing Economic and Political Impacts of Hydrological Variability on Treaties : Case Studies on the Zambezi and Mekong Basins (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Blankespoor, Brian Accessing Economic and Political Impacts of Hydrological Variability on Treaties
    Abstract: International river basins will likely face higher hydrologic variability due to climate change. Increased floods and droughts would have economic and political consequences. Riparians of transboundary basins governed by water treaties could experience non-compliance and inter-state tensions if flow falls below levels presumed in a treaty. Flow information is essential to cope with these challenges through water storage, allocation, and use. This paper demonstrates a simple yet robust method, which measures gauge station runoff with wetness values derived from satellite data (1988-2010), for expanding sub-basin stream flow information to the entire river basin where natural flow information is limited. It demonstrates the approach with flow level data that provide estimates of monthly runoff in near real time in two international river basins: Zambezi and Mekong. The paper includes an economic framework incorporating information on existing institutions to assess potential economic and political impacts and to inform policy on conflict and cooperation between riparians. The authors conclude that satellite data modeled with gauge station runoff reduce the uncertainty inherent in negotiating an international water agreement under increased hydrological variability, and thus can assist policy makers to devise more efficient institutional apparatus
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5996
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Cost Structure of the Clean Development Mechanism (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Rahman, Shaikh M The Cost Structure of the Clean Development Mechanism
    Abstract: This paper examines the cost of producing emission reduction credits under the Clean Development Mechanism. Using project-specific data, cost functions are estimated using alternative functional forms. The results show that, in general, the distribution of projects in the pipeline does not correspond exclusively to the cost of generating anticipated credits. Rather, investment choices appear to be influenced by location and project type considerations in a way that is consistent with variable transaction costs and investor preferences among hosts and classes of projects. This implies that comparative advantage based on the marginal cost of abatement is only one of several factors driving Clean Development Mechanism investments. This is significant since much of the conceptual and applied numerical literature concerning greenhouse gas mitigation policies relies on presumptions about relative abatement costs. The authors also find that Clean Development Mechanism projects generally exhibit constant or increasing returns to scale. In contrast, they find variations among classes of projects concerning economies of time
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6262
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