Keywords: Arab countries Intellectual life ; 19th century ; Arab countries Intellectual life ; 20th century ; Learning and scholarship Social aspects ; History ; 19th century ; Arab countries ; Learning and scholarship Social aspects ; History ; 20th century ; Arab countries ; Intellectuals History ; 19th century ; Arab countries ; Intellectuals History ; 20th century ; Arab countries ; Electronic books ; Arab countries Intellectual life 19th century ; Arab countries Intellectual life 20th century ; Learning and scholarship Social aspects 19th century ; History ; Learning and scholarship Social aspects 20th century ; History ; Intellectuals History 19th century ; Intellectuals History 20th century ; Intellectuals Arab countries ; History ; Arab countries Intellectual life ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Arabien ; Intellektueller ; Selbstbild ; Öffentlichkeit ; Geschichte 1880-1960