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  • Porto, Guido G.  (5)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Middle East and North Africa Region, Office of the Chief Economist
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8603
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brambilla, Irene Exporting Firms and the Demand for Skilled Tasks
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the link between exports and the demand for skilled tasks. Using the Chilean Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual (ENIA), an annual census of manufacturing firms, the analysis first shows that Chilean exporters utilize more skills than Chilean non-exporters. More importantly, there is a distinct pattern of task differentiation among exporters both within skilled and unskilled tasks. Exporting firms demand the services of skilled specialized workers (engineers) as opposed to skilled administrative workers and managers. In addition, exporters demand less unskilled labor, especially blue-collar operatives. This suggests that exporters substitute skilled engineers for unskilled blue-collar workers to perform export-related tasks
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 99 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8825
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Artuc, Erhan Trading off the Income Gains and the Inequality Costs of Trade Policy
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper characterizes the trade-off between the income gains and the inequality costs of trade using survey data for 54 developing countries. Tariff data on agricultural and manufacturing goods are combined with household survey data on detailed income and expenditure patterns to estimate the first-order effects of the elimination of import tariffs on household welfare. The paper assesses how these welfare effects vary across the distribution by estimating impacts on the consumption of traded goods, wage income, farm and non-farm family enterprise income, and government transfers. For each country, the income gains and the inequality costs of trade liberalization are quantified and the trade-offs between them are assessed using an Atkinson social welfare index. The analysis finds average income gains from import tariff liberalization in 45 countries and average income losses in nine countries. Across countries in the sample, the gains from trade are 1.9 percent of real household expenditure on average. We find overwhelming evidence of a trade-off between the income gains (losses) and the inequality costs (gains), which arise because trade tends to exacerbate income inequality: 45 countries face a trade-off, while only nine do not. The income gains typically more than offset the increase in inequality. In the majority of developing countries, the prevailing tariff structure thus induces sizable welfare losses
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9045
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Erhan Artuc Household Impacts of Tariffs: Data and Results from Agricultural Trade Protection
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: How do trade reforms impact households in different parts of the income distribution? This paper presents a new database, the Household Impacts of Tariffs data set, which contains harmonized household survey and tariff data for 54 low- and lower-middle income countries. The data cover highly disaggregated information on household budget and income shares for 53 agricultural products, wage labor income, nonfarm enterprise sales and transfers, as well as spending on manufacturing and services. Using a stylized model of the first-order impacts of import tariffs on household real income, this paper quantifies the welfare implications of agricultural trade protection. On average, unilateral elimination of agricultural tariffs would increase household incomes by 2.50 percentage points. Import tariffs have highly heterogeneous effects across countries and within countries across households, consumers, and income earners; the average standard deviation of the gains from trade within a country is 1.01 percentage points
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783030930608
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (X, 155 p. 65 illus., 63 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: Economic Studies in Inequality, Social Exclusion and Well-Being
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Development economics. ; International trade. ; International economic integration. ; Globalization. ; Gains from Trade ; Tariffs ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Agriculture ; Low income countries ; Cost of Living ; Income gains ; Globalization ; Welfare ; Trade integration
    Abstract: Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: An Agricultural Household Model with Tariffs -- Chapter 3: Data and Estimation -- Chapter 4: Income Gains and Inequality Costs -- Chapter 5: The Trade-Off -- Chapter 6: Alternative Models -- Chapter 7: HIT: Household Impacts of Trade -- Chapter 8: Conclusions -- Bibliography.
    Abstract: This volume examines the relationship between trade liberalization policies and income inequality in developing countries. Using survey data for 54 developing countries, the book explores the potential trade-off between the gains from trade and the distribution of those gains and provides a quantification of the inequality-adjusted welfare gains from trade. The book begins with an introduction to the model and its methodology. Chapter 2 sets up the model and derives the formulas for the welfare effects of trade policy. Chapter 3 uses the tariff data and the survey data to estimate those welfare effects in 54 countries. Chapter 4 discusses the gains from trade and their distribution. Chapter 5 evaluates and quantifies the trade-off between income gains and inequality costs of trade. Chapter 6 presents robustness tests and results from alternative models of the impacts of trade. The last chapter reviews the Household Impacts of Trade database and dashboard, which provides data for replication and a platform that allows researchers to simulate agricultural tariff policy shocks. Providing a comprehensive empirical analysis of the effects of trade policy on inequality in developing countries, this volume will be of interest to researchers and students of economic inequality, development, and international trade as well as policymakers interested in the inequality and poverty consequences of trade policy.
    URL: Cover
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Negri, Mariano Burley Tobacco Clubs In Malawi
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Agricultural Industry ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Rural Development ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Control ; Tobacco Use and Control ; Tobacco farmers ; Tobacco farming ; Tobacco growers ; Tobacco prices ; Tobacco production ; Tobacco sales ; Tobacco sector ; Trade barriers ; Adolescent Health ; Agricultural Industry ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Rural Development ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Control ; Tobacco Use and Control ; Tobacco farmers ; Tobacco farming ; Tobacco growers ; Tobacco prices ; Tobacco production ; Tobacco sales ; Tobacco sector ; Trade barriers ; Adolescent Health ; Agricultural Industry ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Rural Development ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Control ; Tobacco Use and Control ; Tobacco farmers ; Tobacco farming ; Tobacco growers ; Tobacco prices ; Tobacco production ; Tobacco sales ; Tobacco sector ; Trade barriers
    Abstract: This paper studies nonmarket institutions that facilitate exports. In Malawi, as in many other developing countries, farmers face numerous constraints that disconnect them from export markets. The paper explores the role of a local institution, the burley tobacco clubs, in bridging smallholders to exports. Burley clubs potentially enable farmers to increase their tobacco farming productivity by providing services related to institutional access, collective action, economies of scale, and supporting network. Using matching methods and instrumental variable techniques, the authors find that tobacco club membership causes an increase of between 40-74 percent in output per acre and an increase of between 45-89 percent in tobacco sales per acre. Instead, neither the land share allocated to tobacco nor the unit value obtained by the producers is affected by club membership
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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