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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Import Duties and Performance : Some Stylized Facts for Pakistan (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Abstract: This note discusses the role that import duties have in Pakistan's economy, and their links with export competitiveness. Import duties play two key roles. First, they are a source of tax revenues for governments. Second, when imposed on a product, they create a wedge between its world price, and the price paid domestically (as well as a wedge between its domestic price, and the price of its substitute in the domestic economy). These wedges affect the allocation of resources. They divert resources away from export markets - in which firms will only fetch world prices for the product - and into the domestic market, effectively creating an anti-export bias. Thus, an import duty is implicitly an export duty. When these duties are applied on inputs that different sectors use to produce, the duty induces firms to substitute away from that - now more expensive - input, and into other substitutes, thus affecting the otherwise optimal technological choice of firms, as well as increasing their production costs. This note is organized as follows: the first section presents a snapshot of import duties in Pakistan. The second section empirically examines the ways import duties induce an allocation of resources that is different from the one that will be obtained without the duty distortion. The third section looks at the role of tariff policy in the context of the COVID-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic. The fourth section briefly describes the recent changes in the tariff policy institutional arrangement. The fifth section concludes and provides policy recommendations moving forward
    DOI: 10.1596/33886
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Integration and price transmission in key food commodity markets in India (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8755
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Boffa, Mauro Integration and Price Transmission in Key Food Commodity Markets in India
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines patterns of market integration for food commodities in India. First, it tests the extent of domestic spatial market integration for retail and wholesale markets in 2006-14 and 2008-15, respectively, and looks at patterns of price transmission of shocks from international sources. Second, it measures vertical integration from wholesale to retail markets and tests for asymmetric speed of adjustment to shocks. Third, it examines the determinants of spatial integration. The results reveal that in India, food markets are imperfectly integrated across space, with the law of one price being systematically rejected, with heterogeneities across states and products. There is substantial co-movement between wholesale and retail prices, although integration is still imperfect in all commodities but one: rice, for which perfect vertical integration cannot be rejected. Retail prices adjust faster when wholesale prices rise than when wholesale prices fall. The analysis of the determinants of spatial integration reveals that prior to implementation of the Goods and Services Tax, the mere act of crossing a state border increased prices; unexploited gains from arbitrage persisted after considering the effects of transport costs; and information frictions and menu costs reduced market integration
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8755
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
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    The Role of Exchange Rate and Non-Exchange Rate Related Factors in Polish Firms' Export Performance (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Albinowski, Maciej The Role of Exchange Rate and Non-Exchange Rate Related Factors in Polish Firms' Export Performance
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the export performance of Polish manufacturing firms. It focuses on the extensive and intensive margins of exports, on the decision to enter export markets and the intensity of exports, given participation, examining price and non-price determinants of export performance. The analysis relies on two different but complementary sources of data: a panel survey of Polish firms for 2005-13, and an exporter-level customs data set, for the same period, with detailed information on products and destinations. The findings reveal that firms face high sunk costs for entering export markets, and that once these costs have been paid, they depreciate rapidly over time. Strong positive local spillovers are also identified, which help reduce entry costs. Finally, the paper shows that the impact of real exchange rate fluctuations on firms' export performance is dependent of the degree of integration in international production networks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7899
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Internationally linked firms, integration reforms and productivity : evidence from Pakistan (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9349
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lovo, Stefania Internationally Linked Firms, Integration Reforms and Productivity: Evidence from Pakistan
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines productivity dynamics and drivers for Pakistani firms listed in the stock exchange (publicly listed firms) over 2012-17. It relies on policy and outcome measures of integration in upstream merchandise and services sectors, to assess their impact on productivity downstream. The paper presents three main findings. First, the productivity of publicly listed firms remained stagnant over the period, in line with macro-level indicators for Pakistan. Second, foreign-owned or exporting firms are more productive than domestic-owned or domestic-oriented firms. Foreign investors target more productive firms, and their productivity grows after being acquired. Exporters tend to exhibit productivity growth after becoming exporters. Third, increased import duties on intermediates, or reduced levels of foreign direct investment in upstream services sectors, are associated with decreases in the total factor productivity of firms downstream. Gains from lower input tariffs accrue to those that do not secure duty exemption schemes - domestic-oriented firms or smaller exporters. Gains from upstream services foreign direct investment accrue mostly to firms that are further from the productivity frontier. Taken together, these results suggest that productivity growth in Pakistan would benefit from increased exposure of upstream sectors to global markets
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9349
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Economic Integration, Industrial Structure, and Catch-Up Growth : Firm-Level Evidence from Poland (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bastos, Paolo Economic Integration, Industrial Structure, and Catch-Up Growth: Firm-Level Evidence from Poland
    Keywords: Catch-Up Growth ; Economic Growth ; Economic Integration ; Economic Stabilization ; Economics and Institutions ; EU Integration ; First Performance ; Foreign Direct Investment ; General Manufacturing ; Industrial Structure ; Industry ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Polish Manufacturing ; Productivity Gains
    Abstract: This paper examines if and how deeper economic integration with high-income nations impacts industrial performance. It exploits Poland's accession to the European Union in 2004 as a source of variation in the degree of market integration with Germany. Using data on Polish manufacturing firms over 1995-2013, the paper finds that EU accession was followed by significant within-firm growth in output and productivity, notably in industries in which Germany was more specialized at the moment of accession. Increased flows of German investment to these sectors played an important role in shaping these effects
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9988
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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