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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How China's Farmers Adapt To Climate Change (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Jinxia How China's Farmers Adapt To Climate Change
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat
    Abstract: This paper uses a cross sectional method to analyze irrigation choice and crop choice across 8,405 farmers in 28 provinces in China. The findings show that Chinese farmers are more likely to irrigate when facing lower temperatures and less precipitation. Farmers in warmer places are more likely to choose oil crops, maize, and especially cotton and wheat, and are less likely to choose vegetables, potatoes, sugar, and especially rice and soybeans. In wetter locations, farmers are more likely to choose soybeans, oil crops, sugar, vegetables, cotton, and especially rice, and they are less likely to choose potatoes, wheat, and especially maize. The analysis of how Chinese farmers have adapted to current climate, provides insight into how they will likely adapt when climate changes. Future climate scenarios will cause farmers in China to want to reduce irrigation and shift toward oil crops, wheat, and especially cotton. In turn, farmers will shift away from potatoes, rice, vegetables, and soybeans. However, adaptation will likely vary greatly from region to region. Policy makers should anticipate that adaptation is important, that the magnitude of changes depends on the climate scenario, and that the desired changes depend on the location of each farm
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Impact of Water Supply Variability On Treaty Cooperation Between International Bilateral River Basin Riparian States (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Blankespoor, Brian The Impact of Water Supply Variability On Treaty Cooperation Between International Bilateral River Basin Riparian States
    Abstract: This paper assesses the impact of water supply variability on treaty cooperation between international bilateral river basin riparian states. Climate change is anticipated to change the variability of water supply, as well as its expected magnitude. Previous studies have focused mainly on water scarcity, measured in terms of mean precipitation or per capita water availability in the country, as a trigger for conflict or cooperation. The water variability measure used here captures both annual runoff variability and precipitation variability over periods of 30 and 100 years. The analysis used economic and international relations data to identify incentives for international cooperation in addressing water supply variability. The authors find that small-to-moderate increases in variability create an impetus for cooperation, although large increases in variability would reduce incentives for treaty cooperation. Stronger diplomatic and trade relations support cooperation, while uneven economic power inhibits cooperation. Various measures of democracy/governance suggest different impacts on cooperation across the basin riparians. The findings have policy implications in the context of preparedness for impacts of climate change on the water sector
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5307
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Accessing Economic and Political Impacts of Hydrological Variability on Treaties : Case Studies on the Zambezi and Mekong Basins (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Blankespoor, Brian Accessing Economic and Political Impacts of Hydrological Variability on Treaties
    Abstract: International river basins will likely face higher hydrologic variability due to climate change. Increased floods and droughts would have economic and political consequences. Riparians of transboundary basins governed by water treaties could experience non-compliance and inter-state tensions if flow falls below levels presumed in a treaty. Flow information is essential to cope with these challenges through water storage, allocation, and use. This paper demonstrates a simple yet robust method, which measures gauge station runoff with wetness values derived from satellite data (1988-2010), for expanding sub-basin stream flow information to the entire river basin where natural flow information is limited. It demonstrates the approach with flow level data that provide estimates of monthly runoff in near real time in two international river basins: Zambezi and Mekong. The paper includes an economic framework incorporating information on existing institutions to assess potential economic and political impacts and to inform policy on conflict and cooperation between riparians. The authors conclude that satellite data modeled with gauge station runoff reduce the uncertainty inherent in negotiating an international water agreement under increased hydrological variability, and thus can assist policy makers to devise more efficient institutional apparatus
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5996
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aligning Climate Change Mitigation and Agricultural Policies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (79 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Larson, Donald F Aligning Climate Change Mitigation and Agricultural Policies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
    Abstract: Greenhouse gas emissions are largely determined by how energy is created and used, and policies designed to encourage mitigation efforts reflect this reality. However, an unintended consequence of an energy-focused strategy is that the set of policy instruments needed to tap mitigation opportunities in agriculture is incomplete. In particular, market-linked incentives to achieve mitigation targets are disconnected from efforts to better manage carbon sequestered in agricultural land. This is especially important for many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia where once-productive land has been degraded through poor agricultural practices. Often good agricultural policies and prudent natural resource management can compensate for missing links to mitigation incentives, but only partially. At the same time, two international project-based programs, Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism, have been used to finance other types of agricultural mitigation efforts worldwide. Even so, a review of projects suggests that few countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia take full advantage of these financing paths. This paper discusses mitigation opportunities in the region, the reach of current mitigation incentives, and missed mitigation opportunities in agriculture. The paper concludes with a discussion of alternative policies designed to jointly promote mitigation and co-benefits for agriculture and the environment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6080
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Can China Continue Feeding Itself ? : The Impact of Climate Change On Agriculture (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Jinxia Can China Continue Feeding Itself ?
    Keywords: Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature ; Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature ; Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature
    Abstract: Several studies addressing the supply and demand for food in China suggest that the nation can largely meet its needs in the coming decades. However, these studies do not consider the effects of climate change. This paper examines whether near future expected changes in climate are likely to alter this picture. The authors analyze the effect of temperature and precipitation on net crop revenues using a cross section consisting of both rainfed and irrigated farms. Based on survey data from 8,405 households across 28 provinces, the results of the Ricardian analysis demonstrate that global warming is likely to be harmful to China but the impacts are likely to be very different in each region. The mid latitude region of China may benefit from warming but the southern and northern regions are likely to be damaged by warming. More precipitation is beneficial to Chinese farmers except in the wet southeast. Irrigated and rainfed farmers have similar responses to precipitation but not to temperature. Warmer temperatures may benefit irrigated farms but they are likely to harm rainfed farms. Finally, seasonal effects vary and are offsetting. Although we were able to measure the direct effect of precipitation and temperature, we could not capture the effects of change in water flow which will be very important in China. Can China continue feeding itself if climate changes? Based on the empirical results, the likely gains realized by some farmers will nearly offset the losses that will occur to other farmers in China. If future climate scenarios lead to significant reductions in water, there may be large damages not addressed in this study
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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