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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Short and long-run labor market effects of developing country exports : evidence from Bangladesh (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9176
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Robertson, Raymond Short and Long-Run Labor Market Effects of Developing Country Exports: Evidence from Bangladesh
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper studies how a positive export shock - the sharp increase in garment-sector exports that began at the end of the Multifibre Arrangement (MFA) - spread through Bangladesh's labor markets. Although the end of the MFA was arguably exogenous to Bangladesh, the authors instrument export demand with OECD imports to ensure identification. The paper compares estimates of the local labor market effects (wages and informality) and estimates from wage equations that reflect the predictions from long-run, general-equilibrium neoclassical trade theory. As in other studies, this paper finds that the export shock was localized both in terms of sector and geography. Wages increased and informality decreased in sub-districts more exposed to the export shock. Unlike in other studies, these local labor market effects dissipate quickly. Furthermore, Bangladesh's export shock was sector specific, limited predominantly to the female-intensive garment and textile sector. The paper shows that, following the increase in exports of the female-intensive good, the male-female wage gap closes considerably throughout the country - not just in the apparel sector. In relatively small Bangladesh, the national labor market seems to be more integrated compared to larger countries studied, possibly suggesting that labor adjustment costs are lower in smaller countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9176
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    The relationship between female labor force participation and violent conflicts in South Asia (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9195
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9195
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Mexican Employment Dynamics : Evidence From Matched Firm-Worker Data (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kaplan, David S Mexican Employment Dynamics
    Keywords: Employee ; Employment ; Employment Dynamics ; Firm Size ; Job Destruction ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Worker ; Workers ; Employee ; Employment ; Employment Dynamics ; Firm Size ; Job Destruction ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Worker ; Workers ; Employee ; Employment ; Employment Dynamics ; Firm Size ; Job Destruction ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Worker ; Workers
    Abstract: Using a census of all workers in private establishments in the formal sector in Mexico to track workers and establishments over time, this paper presents the first Mexican worker and job flow statistics. The data allow for comparing these flows across time, space, and worker characteristics. Although many patterns are similar to those documented in developing countries, the analysis uncovers patterns that have potentially important policy implications. The authors compare the results to the literature, illustrate how the statistics change during times of reform and crisis, and present novel findings that contribute to the broader literature on worker reallocations
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    International Trade and Labor Markets : Evidence from the Arab Republic of Egypt (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Robertson, Raymond International Trade and Labor Markets: Evidence from the Arab Republic of Egypt
    Abstract: Since the early 1990s, some developing countries have experienced a coincidence of rising exports'especially those related to global value chains-and improved labor market outcomes. During 2000-10, rising trade was associated with falling poverty and inequality in many developing countries. However, the Arab Republic of Egypt was not one of these countries, although it signed several trade agreements. The lack of trade-related improvements in labor market outcomes-including poverty, inequality, average wage levels, informality, and female labor force participation-could be explained by at least two possibilities. First, it is possible that trade agreements did not produce the same increase in trade for Egypt as for other countries. Second, it is possible that exports do not generate the same kinds of changes in labor market outcomes as experienced in other countries. After presenting the trends in key labor market outcomes over 2000-19, this paper evaluates both hypotheses. Using a gravity model approach, the results suggest that the changes in Egypt's exports following trade agreements are above internationally estimated averages. Second, the results from a Bartik approach find no significant relationship between rising exports and wages, informality, or female labor force participation. Additional analysis shows that Egypt's average wage levels are among the highest among countries that export the same goods exported by Egypt, possibly suggesting that Egypt has a relatively weak comparative advantage in currently exported goods, and thus might need to rethink its export basket
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9668
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Better Neighbors : Toward a Renewal of Economic Integration in Latin America (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464809781
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (196 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Latin America and Caribbean Studies
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Labor Market Integration ; Regional Integration ; Trade Integration ; Economic Integration ; Stability
    Abstract: This book proposes a renewal of 'Open Regionalism' in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) aimed at achieving the region's goals of high growth with stability. The LAC region experienced a growth spurt with equity during the first decade of the 21st Century. It is well understood that an unsustainable demand boom fueled by terms-of-trade improvements drove this growth acceleration episode, especially in South America. Unfortunately, terms of trade are no longer fueling growth, and the region's policymakers are in search of new sources of growth with stability. With the experience of East Asia and the Pacific in mind, many policymakers in LAC are looking to international economic ties as a potential source of stable growth. The challenge highlighted in this book lies in designing an integration agenda comprising trade and factor market integration that is conducive to region-wide efficiency gains, which can help LAC enhance its global competitiveness. The forces of geography imply that pro-growth global integration cannot be achieved without building a strong neighborhood. Thus, this volume argues that LAC's regional economic integration agenda needs to go well beyond the current spaghetti bowl of preferential trading arrangements
    Note: Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0977-4
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Deep Integration in Trade Agreements : Labor Clauses, Tariffs, and Trade Flows (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Robertson, Raymond Deep Integration in Trade Agreements: Labor Clauses, Tariffs, and Trade Flows
    Abstract: Deepening preferential trade agreements extend coverage to social issues, including labor clauses. While there is a long history of debate over the intent of labor clauses, less is known about the impact of labor clauses. Recent studies show that labor clauses improve working conditions, but the impact on trade flows is still debated. Existing studies do not include a full set of fixed effects (to control for endogeneity and unobserved confounding factors), other dimensions of deep agreements that could be correlated with labor clauses (tariffs and other "deep" clauses), and pseudo-Poisson maximum likelihood estimation. This paper combines all three with additional robustness checks. While the estimated effect of trade agreements is positive overall, the estimated marginal relationship between labor clauses and trade volume is generally negative but varies with the type of clauses. Freedom of Association, Forced and Child Labor, and International Labor Standards are consistently associated with higher trade flows. Clauses that are more likely to eliminate illicit trade, including clauses related to discrimination, protection of working conditions, and third-party monitoring exhibit a negative marginal relationship with trade flows
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9599
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Employment in Crisis : The path to better jobs in a post-covid-19 latin america (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464816727
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (pages cm)
    Series Statement: Latin america and caribbean studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Shock ; Fiscal Policy ; Labor Market ; Pandemic Impact ; Pandemic Response
    Abstract: A better policy framework for preventing, managing, and helping people recover from crises is crucial to lifting long-term growth and livelihoods in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The need for this policy framework has never been more urgent as the region faces the monumental task of recovery from the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. Whether specific policy responses will deliver the expected growth dividends will depend on the underlying vision of how labor markets adjust to crises and the quality of the policies enacted. This report estimates how crises change labor market flows, assesses how these changes affect people, and discusses the key policy responses--
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1672-7
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Is International Trade Always Beneficial to Labor Markets? : A Case Study from Egypt (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Robertson, Raymond Is International Trade Always Beneficial to Labor Markets? A Case Study from Egypt
    Keywords: Bartik Instruments ; Competition Policy ; Econometrics ; Female Labor Force Participation ; Imports ; Inequity ; Informality ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade Case Study ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Trade ; Trade Liberalization
    Abstract: The Arab Republic of Egypt's industries rely heavily on imported goods for production. Thus, an increase in imports could have a potentially positive effect on the labor market as it means more inputs for the production of exporting goods. Alternatively, minimal backward linkages in global value chains could also mean that increasing imports substitute for domestic production and, thus, lost employment opportunities. This paper evaluates the relationship between regional trade agreements using a gravity model and import flows to test whether rising imports have impacted wages, informality, and female labor force participation. The results suggest that imports are not to blame for disappointing labor market outcomes in Egypt
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10219
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Globalization and the Gender Earnings Gap : Evidence from Sri Lanka and Cambodia (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Savchenko, Yevgeniya Globalization and the Gender Earnings Gap: Evidence from Sri Lanka and Cambodia
    Abstract: Disasters in Bangladesh and protests elsewhere have created an intense debate about the value, particularly to women, of apparel employment in developing countries. This paper focuses on how the forces of globalization, specifically the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA), have affected women's wages in the apparel sector in developing countries. The paper uses household and labor force surveys from Cambodia and Sri Lanka to estimate both apparel wage premiums relative to other industries and the male-female wage gap before and after the end of the MFA. The approach builds on new models that apply traditional trade theory (e.g., the Heckscher-Ohlin and Stolper-Samuelson theorems) to analyze the effect of globalization on gender-based earnings. The authors find large positive wage premiums and a closing of the male-female wage gap during the MFA period, but smaller premiums and a widening wage gap after the end of the MFA. The results suggest that the benefits of apparel exports for women in developing countries remain significant post-MFA. They also model an approach for studying the effects of globalization that differentiates males and females as separate factors. This may be a fruitful alternative to discrimination models or those that analyze the effects of globalization on women in terms of skill. Further research is necessary to identify the potential development effects of post-MFA apparel employment and to thoroughly compare the benefits documented in this paper with the costs that may come with apparel jobs
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7930
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exports and Labor Demand : Evidence from Egyptian Firm-Level Data (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Berg, Claudia N Exports and Labor Demand: Evidence from Egyptian Firm-Level Data
    Keywords: Econometrics ; Employment ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade
    Abstract: Unlike many countries, the Arab Republic of Egypt did not experience significant labor market improvements following trade liberalization. This paper investigates why increased Egyptian exports did not directly increase employment. To illustrate the relationship between firm-level exporting and employment, the paper presents a simplified general equilibrium model with two sectors: one able to export and one "reserve" sector. The paper tests the implications of this theory using firm-level data from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys in 2013, 2016, and 2020. The firm-level microanalysis demonstrates that although there is a positive employment response to export expansion, it does not occur at a large enough scale to be felt at the macro level. To seize the benefits of trade, Egypt requires deeper business environment reforms to incentivize large export, labor-intensive sector growth and integrate its economy into global value chains
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10213
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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