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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global warming, pollution and cognitive developments : The effects of high pollution and temperature levels on cognitive ability throughout the life course (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.269
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Environment
    Abstract: Global warming and air pollution threaten human health, economic prosperity and human capital accumulation. The current review presents empirical findings on the effect of adverse environmental conditions on cognition, with a focus on pollution and high temperatures. The review takes a life-course perspective and quantifies both the direct and indirect effects of cumulative and transitory exposure to adverse conditions on cognition starting in-utero all the way to exposure in old age. The review makes clear that exposure to pollutants and high temperatures has economically meaningful costs for both individuals and societies, stemming from lower human capital accumulation. Furthermore, the evidence presented indicates that adverse environmental conditions have large distributional consequences, leading to widening disparities in educational opportunities both across countries and across socio-economic groups within-countries. The review discusses the mechanisms underpinning these effects and explores policies that have the potential to mitigate the negative impact of adverse conditions on cognition.
    DOI: 10.1787/319b9a1f-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 12
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    Online Resource
    Adaptive problem solving : Moving towards a new assessment domain in the second cycle of PIAAC (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.156
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The set of skills that is required to be a successful citizen in the 21st century is rapidly evolving. New technologies and social systems grow increasingly complex and require individuals to quickly and flexibly adapt to new and changing circumstances. This paper outlines the key features of the domain of adaptive problem solving that is proposed to be assessed in the 2nd cycle of the OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) in addition to the domains of numeracy and literacy. Adaptive problem solving is considered to be a crucial 21st century skill that combines cognitive and meta-cognitive processes. The paper develops a definition of adaptive problem solving building on relevant work in cognitive psychology and cognitive science, introduces its covariates and preconditions, discusses relevant assessment principles, and provides insights on the relevance of adaptive problem solving for labour markets and social integration.
    DOI: 10.1787/90fde2f4-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 13
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    Online Resource
    Using process data to understand adults’ problem-solving behaviour in the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) : Identifying generalised patterns across multiple tasks with sequence mining (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.205
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), used computers as the main assessment deliver platform. This enabled the Programme to collect data not only on whether respondents were able to solve specific tasks, but also on how they approached the problems at hand and how much time they spent on them. This paper draws on this information to characterise individuals’ problem-solving strategies using the longest common subsequence (LCS) method, a sequence-mining technique commonly used in natural language processing and biostatistics. The LCS is used to compare the action sequences followed by PIAAC respondents to a set of “optimal” predefined sequences identified by test developers and subject matter experts. This approach allows studying problem-solving behaviours across multiple assessment items.
    DOI: 10.1787/650918f2-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 14
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    Online Resource
    The environmental sustainability competence toolbox : From leaving a better planet for our children to leaving better children for our planet (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.275
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Environment ; Australia ; Austria ; Belgium ; Bulgaria ; Canada ; Chile ; Colombia ; Costa Rica ; Croatia ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Estonia ; Finland ; France ; Greece ; Hungary ; Iceland ; Ireland ; Italy ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Latvia ; Lithuania ; Luxembourg ; Malta ; Mexico ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Norway ; Poland ; Portugal ; Romania ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; Spain ; Sweden ; Türkiye ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: The paper is the second in a series of two papers mapping young people’s environmental sustainability competence in EU and OECD countries that were prepared as background for the forthcoming OECD Skills Outlook 2023 publication. The papers are the results of a collaboration between the OECD Centre for Skills and the European Commission - Joint Research Centre (Unit B4) on students’ environmental sustainability competence. The first paper is titled ‘Young people’s environmental sustainability competence: Emotional, cognitive, behavioural and attitudinal dimensions in EU and OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/27991ec0-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 15
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    Online Resource
    Young people’s environmental sustainability competence : Emotional, cognitive, behavioural, and attitudinal dimensions in EU and OECD countries (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (91 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.274
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Environment ; Australia ; Austria ; Belgium ; Bulgaria ; Canada ; Chile ; Colombia ; Costa Rica ; Croatia ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Estonia ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Hungary ; Iceland ; Ireland ; Israel ; Italy ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Latvia ; Lithuania ; Luxembourg ; Malta ; Mexico ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Norway ; Poland ; Portugal ; Romania ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; Spain ; Sweden ; Switzerland ; Türkiye ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: The paper is the first in a series of two papers mapping young people’s environmental sustainability competence in EU and OECD countries that were prepared as background for the forthcoming OECD Skills Outlook 2023 publication. The papers are the results of a collaboration between the OECD Centre for Skills and the European Commission - Joint Research Centre (Unit B4) on students’ environmental sustainability competence. The second paper is titled: ‘The environmental sustainability competence toolbox: From leaving a better planet to our children to leaving better children for our planet’.
    DOI: 10.1787/1097a78c-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 16
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    Online Resource
    The evolution of gender gaps in numeracy and literacy between childhood and adulthood (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.184
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Numeracy and literacy skills have become increasingly important in modern labour markets. The large gender differences that several studies have identified have therefore sparked considerable attention among researchers and policy makers. Little is known about the moment in which such gaps emerge, how they evolve and if their evolution differs across countries. We use data from large-scale international assessments to follow representative samples of birth-cohorts over time, and analyse how gender gaps in numeracy and literacy evolve from age 10 to age 27. Our results suggest that, across the countries examined, males’ advantage in numeracy is smallest at age 10 and largest at age 27. The growth in magnitude of the gender gap is particularly pronounced between the age of 15 and 27. Such evolution stands in sharp contrast with the evolution of the gender gap in literacy, which is small at age 10, large and in favour of females at age 15, and negligible by age 27.
    DOI: 10.1787/0ff7ae72-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 17
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    Online Resource
    Strength through diversity : Country spotlight report for Chile (2019)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (115 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.210
    Keywords: Education ; Chile
    Abstract: Chile is now working to develop stronger integration processes after being largely unprepared for the influx of immigrants who arrived in recent years. In the education sector, evidence suggests important differences in the academic and well-being outcomes between students with an immigrant background and native Chilean students. While available data on immigrant students in Chile is limited, these disparities highlight the need to reflect on the types of policies that can reverse emerging gaps, advance the educational and long-term success of students and promote social cohesion. As such, the Ministry of Education invited the OECD Strength through Diversity project to develop this Spotlight Report, which examines four policy priorities regarding the inclusion of immigrant and refugee students in the country: (1) School choice and segregation; (2) Language training; (3) Capacity building; and (4) Inclusive education. The findings of this report reflect existing OECD work on education policy in Chile and in the area of migration policy. The report also draws on national data, questionnaire results on policies and practices implemented in Chile to support the educational achievement and socio emotional well-being of immigrant students and examples of policies and practices in peer-learner countries and regions that were collected through desk based research (notably from Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United States). Finally, interviews conducted by the OECD Strength through Diversity team during a review mission and a stakeholder workshop that took place in Santiago in June 2018 help inform the report.
    DOI: 10.1787/058bc849-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 18
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    Online Resource
    The educational roots of trust (2015)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.119
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Trust is important for social and economic well-being, for enhancing social cohesion and strengthening resilience, and for maintaining security and order in our societies. Trust is the foundation upon which social capital is built and it also is intimately related to human capital. This work examines the association between education and levels of interpersonal trust, using data from the OECD’s Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). Our analysis demonstrated that education strengthens the cognitive and analytical capacities needed to develop, maintain, and (perhaps) restore trust in both close relationships as well as in anonymous others. It does so both directly, through building and reinforcing literacy and numeracy in individuals, and indirectly, through facilitating habits and reinforcing behaviours such as reading and writing at home and at work. Education and trust are thus fundamentally intertwined and dependent on each other. While all countries across the OECD have been striving to improve their education systems in terms of student achievement levels, this analysis suggests that there are also concrete elements that could be usefully addressed in order to reinforce and strengthen trust.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js1kv85dfvd-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 19
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    Online Resource
    Understanding how economic conditions and natural disasters shape environmental attitudes : A cross-country comparison to inform policy making (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.280
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Australia ; Austria ; Belgium ; Canada ; Chile ; Colombia ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Estonia ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Hungary ; Iceland ; Ireland ; Israel ; Italy ; Japan ; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of ; Latvia ; Lithuania ; Mexico ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Norway ; Poland ; Portugal ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; Spain ; Sweden ; Switzerland ; Türkiye
    Abstract: Understanding adults’ attitudes towards the environment is necessary to gauge the opportunities and challenges of creating effective and politically-feasible climate policies. Using data from the Wellcome Global Monitor 2020, the European Social Survey (Round 8), World Values Survey and EM-DAT, this paper examines how adults’ environmental attitudes vary within and across countries and details how environmental attitudes are associated with adults’ engagement in pro-environmental behaviours and support for environmentally-friendly policies. The paper explores whether the extent to which individuals prioritise the environment over the state of the economy or vice versa depends on individuals’ exposure to natural disasters or negative labour market conditions. Results indicate that people’s economic vulnerability and the sectors they work in impact their attitudes towards their environment and support for public policy. Furthermore, the findings suggest that increases in unemployment and exposure to natural disasters influence the extent to which individuals prioritise the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/8e880ea2-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 20
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    Online Resource
    Performance et bien-être des élèves issus de l’immigration : Comment se situent les différents pays ? (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.82
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How do the performance and well-being of students with an immigrant background compare across countries?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Le maintien de la cohésion sociale en présence de flux migratoires importants dépend de la capacité des sociétés à intégrer les immigrés. L’éducation peut aider ces derniers à acquérir des compétences et à contribuer à l’économie de leur pays d’accueil ; elle peut aussi favoriser leur bien-être socio-affectif et encourager leur motivation à participer à la vie sociale et civique de leur nouvelle communauté – et, ce faisant, faciliter leur intégration. Toutefois, veiller à ce que les élèves issus de l’immigration présentent de bons résultats sur le plan du bien-être représente un défi de taille, car nombre d’élèves immigrés ou d’origine mixte doivent surmonter à la fois les obstacles liés au changement de leur lieu de vie, au désavantage socio-économique, à la barrière de la langue et à la difficulté de se forger une nouvelle identité.
    DOI: 10.1787/a707ffd8-fr
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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